Latest revision as of 14:45, 20 November 2020

An increased risk of sudden death has been reported in patients with epilepsy since the late 1800s, and possibly much earlier (DeToledo et al., 1999; Doherty, 2004). Since the 1990s sudden unexpected (or unexplained) death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has received increasing attention and been recognized as more widespread than previously believed. Despite the increase in awareness, “systematic well funded research remains limited. The medical literature contains much repetition, with effort spent on re-analysing data with substantial methodological limitations,” (Tomson et al., 2008). There is a need for better clinical and basic science studies and improved epidemiological data, and there is also a need for increased knowledge of the findings already obtained, and how they interrelate.

This wiki exists to harness the collective knowledge of the worldwide SUDEP research community in the hope of focusing and accelerating the effort to better understand and more effectively prevent SUDEP. A massive literature on sudden death in epilepsy and closely related phenomena exists, with many studies having considerable overlap. Many isolated case reports have been published, and considering them collectively increases their informative power. Users of this tool can add entries for articles including links to the articles themselves, contribute to the discussion of articles, add links to the entries on related articles, or post comments. Comparing and contrasting research findings in this way can highlight where open questions exist and potentially target future investigation more effectively. The ultimate aim is better mechanistic insight into the process, which has the potential to reduce SUDEP deaths.

Articles (organized by first author)

A

Ackerman MJ (2005): Cardiac causes of sudden unexpected death in children and their relationship to seizures and syncope: Genetic testing for cardiac electropathies
Adams R (1827): Cases of diseases of the heart accompanied with pathological observations
Aiba I, Noebels JL (2015): Spreading depolarization in the brainstem mediates sudden cardiorespiratory arrest in mouse SUDEP models
Akalin F, Tirtir A, and Yilmaz Y (2003): Increased QT dispersion in epileptic children
Al-Aweel IC, Krishnamurthy KB, Hausdorff JM, Mietus JE, Ives JR, Blum AS, Schomer DL, and Goldberger AL (1999): Postictal heart rate oscillations in partial epilepsy
Alexandre V, Mercedes B, Valton L, et al. (2015): Risk factors of postictal generalized EEG suppression in generalized convulsive seizures
Almansori M, Ijaz M, and Ahmed SN (2006): Cerebral arrhythmia influencing cardiac rhythm: A case of ictal bradycardia
Altenmüller DM, Zehender M, and Schulze-Bonhage A (2004): High-grade atrioventricular block triggered by spontaneous and stimulation-induced epileptic activity in the left temporal lobe
Anand BK and Dua S (1956): Circulatory and respiratory changes induced by electrical stimulation of limbic system (visceral brain)
Annegers JF and Coan SP (1999): SUDEP: Overview of definitions and review of incidence data
Annegers JF, Coan SP, Hauser WA, Leestma J, Duffell W, and Tarver B (1998): Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death
Annegers JF, Coan SP, Hauser WA, and Leestma J (2000): Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, all-cause mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death
Annegers JF (1997): United States perspective on definitions and classifications
Antoniuk SA, Oliva LV, Bruck I, Malucelli M, Yabumoto S, and Castellano JL (2001): Sudden unexpected, unexplained death in epilepsy autopsied patients
Arends JB, van Dorp J, van Hoek D, et al. (2016): Diagnostic accuracy of audio-based seizure detection in patients with severe epilepsy and an intellectual disability
Arida RM, Scorza CA, Schmidt B, de Albuquerque M, Cavalheiro EA, and Scorza FA (2008): Physical activity in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Much more than a simple sport
Asadi-Pooya AA and Sperling MR (2009): Clinical features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Aserinsky E (1965): Periodic respiratory pattern occurring in conjunction with eye movements during sleep
Aurlien D, Taubøll E, and Gjerstad L (2007): Lamotrigine in idiopathic epilepsy – Increased risk of cardiac death?
Aurlien D, Tauböll E, and Gjerstad L (2008): An insufficient effect of lamotrigine leading to fatal seizures
Aurlien D, Leren TP, Taubøll E, and Gjerstad L (2009): New SCN5A mutation in a SUDEP victim with idiopathic epilepsy
Azar NJ, Tayah TF, Wang L, et al. (2008): Postictal breathing pattern distinguishes epileptic from nonepileptic convulsive seizures

B

Bacon GM (1868): On the modes of death in epilepsy
Bagnall RD, Crompton DE, Petrovski S (2016): Exome-based analysis of cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory control and epilepsy genes in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Bateman LM, Li CS, and Seyal M (2008): Ictal hypoxemia in localization-related epilepsy: Analysis of incidence, severity and risk factors
Bateman LM, Spitz M, and Seyal M (2010): Ictal hypoventilation contributes to cardiac arrhythmia and sudep: Report on two deaths in video-eeg-monitored patients
Bateman LM, Spitz M, Seyal M (2010): Ictal hypoventilation contributes to cardiac arrhythmia and SUDEP: report on two deaths in video-EEG-monitored patients
Bateman LM, Li CS, Lin TC, and Seyal M (2010): SSRI are associated with reduced severity of ictal hypoxemia in medically refractory partial epilepsy
Bauer PR, Thijs RD, Lamberts RJ (2017): Dynamics of convulsive seizure termination and postictal generalized EEG suppression
Bell GS and Sander JW (2006): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risk factors, possible 225 mechanisms and prevention: A reappraisal
Bell GS, Peacock JL, and Sander JW (2009): Seasonality as a risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A study in a large cohort
Benassi E, Bo GP, Cocito L, Maffini M, and Loeb C (1987): Carbamazepine and cardiac conduction disturbances
Beniczky S, Conradsen I, Pressler R, Wolf P (2016): Quantitative analysis of surface electromyography: Biomarkers for convulsive seizures
Bennani FK and Connolly CE (1997): Sudden unexpected death in young adults including four cases of SADS: A 10-year review from the west of Ireland
Beran RG, Weber S, Sungaran R, Venn N, and Hung A (2004): Review of the legal obligations of the doctor to discuss Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) – A cohort controlled comparative cross-matched study in an outpatient epilepsy clinic
Berg A (2001): Mortality in epilepsy
Bergfeldt L, Vallin H, Rosenqvist M, Insulander P, Nordlander R, and Aström H (1996): Sinus node recovery time assessment revisited: Role of pharmacologic blockade of the autonomic nervous system
Bhandare AM, Kapoor K, Farnham MM, et al. (2016): Microglia PACAP and glutamate: Friends or foes in seizure-induced autonomic dysfunction and SUDEP?
Bird J, Dembny K, Sandeman D, and Butler S(1995): Sudden unexplained death explained?
Bird J, Dembny K, Sandeman D, and Butler S(1997): Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: An intracranially monitored case
Black A (2005): SUDEP – Whether to tell and when
Blum AS, Ives JR, Goldberger AL, Al-Aweel IC, Krishnamurthy KB, Drislane FW, and Schomer DL (2000): Oxygen desaturations triggered by partial seizures: Implications for cardiopulmonary instability in epilepsy
Blumhardt LD, Smith PE, and Owen L (1986): Electrocardiographic accompaniments of temporal lobe epileptic seizures
Bowerman DL, Levisky JA, Urich RW, and Wittenberg PH (1978): Premature deaths in persons with seizure disorders – Subtherapeutic levels of anticonvulsant drugs in postmortem blood specimens
Bowers RE, McKeen CR, Park BE, and Brigham KL (1979): Increased pulmonary vascular permeability follows intracranial hypertension in sheep
Breckenridge CG and Hoff HE (1953): Ischemic and anoxic dissolution of the supramedullary control of respiration
Britton J, Ghearing G, Benarroch E, and Cascino G(2006): The ictal bradycardia syndrome: Localization and lateralization
Brna P, Camfield P, Camfield C, Messenger M, and Finley J (2006): When are episodes of loss of consciousness life-threatening?
Brodie MJ and Ben-Menachem E: Should patients or their families be told of the risk of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy?
Brodie MJ and Holmes GL (2008): Should all patients be told about sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)? Pros and Cons
Brotherstone R, Blackhall B, and McLellan A (2009): Lengthening of corrected QT during epileptic seizures
Brown SW, Mawer GE, Lawler W, Taylor DC, Shorvon S, Betts TA, Noronha MJ, Richens A, Chadwick D, and Besag FM (1990): Sudden death and epilepsy

C

Callanan C(2008): Death in the shadows
Camfield CS, Camfield PR, and Veugelers PJ (2002): Death in children with epilepsy: A population-based study
Camfield P and Camfield C (2005): Sudden unexpected death in people with epilepsy: A pediatric perspective
Carinci V, Barbato G, Baldrati A, and Di Pasquale G (2007): Asystole induced by partial seizures: A rare cause of syncope
Carlson C, Arnedo V, Cahill M, and Devinsky O (2009): Detecting nocturnal convulsions: Efficacy of the MP5 monitor
Carnel SB, Schraeder PL, and Lathers CM (1985): Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on cardiac neural discharge and pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptogenic activity in the cat
Chapman WP, Livingston KE, and Poppen JL (1950): An observation of the effect of the electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes on blood pressure in man
Chapman WP, Livingston KE, and Poppen JL (1950): Effect upon blood pressure of electrical stimulation of tips of temporal lobes in man
Chapman WP, Schroeder HR, Geyer G, Brazier MA, Fager C, Poppen JL, Solomon HC, and Yakolev PI (1954): Physiological evidence concerning importance of the amygdaloid nuclear region in the integration of circulatory function and emotion in man
Chapman WP, Solomon HC, Schroeder HR, Brazier MA, Geyer G, Fager C, Poppen J, and Yakolev P(1956): Present status of the relationship of brain structures to the circulation and emotional expression in man
Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, Rey E, d’Athis P, Vincent J, Dulac O, and Pons G (2000): Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. STICLO study group
Cho I, Kai M, Ichikado K, Naitoh M, Sakata T, and Suga M (2002): A case of neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with epileptic seizure
Chungath M and Shorvon S (2008): The mortality and morbidity of febrile seizures
Clark D and Riney K (2016): A population-based post mortem study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Clark RS, Carcillo JA, Kochanek PM, et al. (1997): Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine concentration and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after severe head injury in humans
Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Hart YM, Goodridge DM, and Shorvon SD (1994): Mortality from epilepsy: Results from a prospective population-based study
Cohen MI (1971): Switching of the respiratory phases and evoked phrenic responses produced by rostral pontine electrical stimulation
Cohen MI (1981): Pulmonary afferent and central influences on respiratory phase-switching in the cat
Cohen-Gadol AA, DiLuna ML, and Spencer DD (2004): Partial epilepsy presenting as episodic dyspnea: A specific network involved in limbic seizure propagation
Colder BW, Frysinger RC, Wilson CL, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): Decreased neuronal burst discharge near site of seizure onset in epileptic human temporal lobes
Colder BW, Wilson CL, Frysinger RC, Chao LC, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): Neuronal synchrony in relation to burst discharge in epileptic human temporal lobes
Colder BW, Wilson CL, Frysinger RC, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): Interspike intervals during interictal periods in human temporal lobe epilepsy
Constantin L, Martins JB, Fincham RW, and Dagli RD (1990): Bradycardia and syncope as manifestations of partial epilepsy
Cooper MS, Mcintosh A, Crompton DE, et al. (2016): Mortality in Dravet Syndrome
Cooper PN (2008): Cardiac arrhythmias and SUDEP--Commentary on Hindocha et al.
Corfield DR, Fink GR, Ramsay SC, Murphy K, Harty HR, Watson JD, Adams L, Frackowiak RS, and Guz A(1995): Activation of limbic structures during CO2-stimulated breathing in awake man
Corfield DR, Fink GR, Ramsay SC, Murphy K, Harty HR, Watson JD, Adams L, Frack- owiak RS, and Guz A (1995): Evidence for limbic system activation during CO2-stimulated breathing in man
Cortey A, Monin P, Hascoet JM, Hamon I, and Vert P(1994): Effects of phenobarbital on cerebral blood flow during hypoxia
Coulter DL (1984): Partial seizures with apnea and bradycardia
Coyle HP, Baker-Brian N, and Brown SW (1994): Coroners’ autopsy reporting of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in the UK
Critchley HD, Corfield DR, Chandler MP, Mathias CJ, and Dolan RJ (2000): Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans

D

Danielsson BR, Lansdell K, Patmore L, and Tomson T(2003): Phenytoin and phenobarbital inhibit human HERG potassium channels
Danielsson BR, Lansdell K, Patmore L, and Tomson T (2005): Effects of the antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin on hERG potassium currents
Darbin O, Casebeer D, and Naritoku DK (2003): Effects of seizure severity and seizure repetition on postictal cardiac arrhythmia following maximal electroshock
Darbin O, Casebeer DJ, and Naritoku DK (2002): Cardiac dysrhythmia associated with the immediate postictal state after maximal electroshock in freely moving rat
Dasheiff RM (1991): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a series from an epilepsy surgery program and speculation on the relationship to sudden cardiac death
Dasheiff RM and Dickinson LJ (1986): Sudden unexpected death of epileptic patient due to cardiac arrhythmia after seizure
Davis AM and Wilkinson JL (1998): The long QT syndrome and seizures in childhood
de Albuquerque M, Scorza CA, Arida RM, Cavalheiro EA, and Scorza FA (2009): The mystery of Gustave Flaubert's death: could sudden unexpected death in epilepsy be part of the context?
De Burgh Daly M(1986): Interactions between respiration and circulation
de la Grandmaison GL (2006): Is there progress in the autopsy diagnosis of sudden unexpected death in adults?
DeGiorgio CM, Miller P, Meymandi S, and Gornbein JA (2008): N-3 fatty acids (fish oil) for epilepsy, cardiac risk factors, and risk of SUDEP: clues from a pilot, double-blind, exploratory study
Delgado JM (1960): Circulatory effects of cortical stimulation
Derby LE, Tennis P, and Jick H (1996): Sudden unexplained death among subjects with refractory epilepsy
DeToledo JC, DeToledo MB, and Lowe MR (1999): Epilepsy and sudden death: notes from George Washington's diaries on the illness and death of Martha Parke-Custis (1756-1773)
Devilat Barros M, Rivera Gómez G, Gómez Muñoz V, and Sepulveda Olmos JP(2004): Mortality in children with epilepsy. A clinical prospective study
Devinsky O, Price BH, and Cohen SI (1986): Cardiac manifestations of complex partial seizures
Devinsky O, Perrine K, and Theodore WH(1994): Interictal autonomic nervous system function in patients with epilepsy
Devinsky O, Pacia S, and Tatambhotla G (1997): Bradycardia and asystole induced by partial seizures: A case report and literature review
Devinsky O (2004): Effects of Seizures on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Function
Devinsky O, Spruill T, Thurman D, Friedman D (2016): Recognizing and preventing epilepsy-related mortality: A call for action
Devinsky O and Nashef L (2015); SUDEP: The death of nihilism
Devinsky O, Friedman D, Cheng JY, et al. (2017): Underestimation of sudden deaths among patients with seizures and epilepsy
Devinsky O, Hesdorffer DC, Thurman DJ, et al. (2016): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention
Dlouhy BJ, Gehlbach BK, Kreple CJ, et al. (2015): Breathing inhibited when seizures spread to the amygdala and upon amygdala stimulation
Doherty MJ (2004): The sudden death of Patsy Custis, or George Washington on sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
Donahue LM, Coates PW, Lee VH, Ippensen DC, Arze SE, and Poduslo SE (2000): The cardiac sodium channel mRNA is expressed in the developing and adult rat and human brain
Donner EJ, Smith CR, and Snead r OC (2001): Sudden unexplained death in children with epilepsy
Donner EJ, Waddell B, Osland K (2016): After sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Lessons learned and the road forward
Drake ME, Reider CR, and Kay A (1993): Electrocardiography in epilepsy patients without cardiac symptoms
Drake J ME, Andrews JM, and Castleberry CM (1998): Electrophysiologic assessment of autonomic function in epilepsy
Dravet C, Bureau M, Oguni H, Fukuyama Y, and Cokar O(2005): Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: Dravet syndrome
Druschky A, Hilz MJ, Hopp P, Platsch G, Radespiel-Tröger M, Druschky K, Kuwert T, Stefan H, and Neundörfer B (2001): Interictal cardiac autonomic dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine-SPECT
Duffin J and Hockman CH (1972): Limbic forebrain and midbrain modulation and phase-switching of expiratory neurons
Duffin J, Hockman CH, Rupert AH, and Vachon BR(1974): Limbic system modulation of respiratory neurones
Durelli L, Mutani R, Sechi GP, Monaco F, Glorioso N, and Gusmaroli G (1985): Cardiac side effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine. A dose-related phenomenon?
During MJ and Spencer DD (1992): Adenosine: a potential mediator of seizure arrest and post-ictal refractoriness
Dütsch M, Hilz MJ, and Devinsky O (2006): Impaired baroreflex function in temporal lobe epilepsy
Dütsch M, Devinsky O, Doyle W, Marthol H, and Hilz MJ (2004): Cerebral autoregulation improves in epilepsy patients after temporal lobe surgery

E

Earnest MP, Thomas GE, Eden RA, and Hossack KF(1992): The sudden unexplained death syndrome in epilepsy: demographic, clinical, and postmortem features]]
El-Sayed HL, Kotby AA, Tomoum HY, El-Hadidi ES, El Behery SE, and El-Ganzory AM (2007): Non-invasive assessment of cardioregulatory autonomic functions in children with epilepsy
Epstein MA, Sperling MR, and O’Connor MJ (1992): Cardiac rhythm during temporal lobe seizures
Erickson T(1939): Cardiac activity during epileptic seizures
Evrengül H, Tanriverdi H, Dursunoglu D, Kaftan A, Kuru O, Unlu U, and Kilic M (2005): Time and frequency domain analyses of heart rate variability in patients with epilepsy

F

Falconer B and Rajs J(1976): Post-mortem findings of cardiac lesions in epileptics: a preliminary report
Faught E, Duh MS, Weiner JR, Guérin A, and Cunnington MC (2008): Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM study
Faustmann PM and Ganz RE (1994): Central cardio-autonomic disorganization in interictal states of epilepsy detected by phase space analysis
Feldman JL, Mitchell GS, and Nattie EE (2003): Breathing: rhythmicity, plasticity, chemosensitivity
Ferri R, Curzi-Dascalova L, Arzimanoglou A, Bourgeois M, Beaud C, Nunes ML, Elia M, Musumeci SA, and Tripodi M (2002): Heart rate variability during sleep in children with partial epilepsy
Ficker DM(2000): Sudden unexplained death and injury in epilepsy
Ficker DM, Cascino GD, and Clements IP (1998): Cardiac asystole masquerading as temporal lobe epilepsy
Ficker DM, So EL, Shen WK, Annegers JF, O’Brien PC, Cascino GD, and Belau PG (1998): Population-based study of the incidence of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
Finsterer J and Stöllberger C (2009): Cardiopulmonary surveillance to prevent SUDEP
Fish D(1997): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Impact on clinical practice
Freitas J, Kaur G, Fernandez G, Tasuoka C, Kaffashi F, Loparo KA, Rao S,Loplumler J, Kiaboriboon K, Amina S, Tuxhorn I, Lhantoo S (2013). Age-specific peri-ictal electroclinical features of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and potential risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy SUDEP
Freeman R and Schachter SC (1995): Autonomic epilepsy
Freytag E and Lindenberg R (1964): 294 medicolegal autopsies on epileptics: Cerebral findings
Friedman D, Donner EJ, Stephens D, et al. (2014): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Knowledge and experience among US and Canadian neurologists
Friedman DE and Gilliam FG (2009): Seizure-related injuries are underreported in pharmacoresistant localization-related epilepsy
Frostig RD, Frysinger RC, and Harper RM(1990): Recurring discharge patterns in multiple spike trains
Frysinger RC and Harper RM (1986): Cardiac and respiratory relationships with neural discharge in the anterior cingulate cortex during sleep-walking states
Frysinger RC and Harper RM (1989): Cardiac and respiratory correlations with unit discharge in human amygdala and hippocampus
Frysinger RC and Harper RM(1990): Cardiac and respiratory correlations with unit discharge in epileptic human temporal lobe
Frysinger RC, Marks JD, Trelease RB, Schechtman VL, and Harper RM (1984): Sleep states attenuate the pressor response to central amygdala stimulation
Frysinger RC, Zhang JX, and Harper RM (1988): Cardiovascular and respiratory relationships with neuronal discharge in the central nucleus of the amygdala during sleep-waking states
Frysinger RC, Engel J, and Harper RM (1993): Interictal heart rate patterns in partial seizure disorders
Fujiwara T (2006): Clinical spectrum of mutations in SCN1A gene: severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy and related epilepsies
Fujiwara K, Miyajima M, Yamakawa T, et al. (2016): Epileptic Seizure Prediction Based on Multivariate Statistical Process Control of Heart Rate Variability Features

G

Galimberti CA, Marchioni E, Barzizza F, Manni R, Sartori I, and Tartara A (1996): Partial epileptic seizures of different origin variably affect cardiac rhythm
Garcia M, D’Giano C, Estellés S, Leiguarda R, and Rabinowicz A (2001): Ictal tachycardia: Its discriminating potential between temporal and extratemporal seizure foci
Gatto EM, Zurrú MC, and González MA (1996): Prolonged QT syndrome presenting as epilepsy
Gayatri NA, Morrall MC, Jain V, et al. (2010): Parental and physician beliefs regarding the provision and content of written sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) information
George JR and Davis GG (1998): Comparison of anti-epileptic drug levels in different cases of sudden death
Gilbert R, Salanti G, Harden M, and See S (2005): Infant sleeping position and the sudden infant death syndrome: systematic review of observational studies and historical review of recommendations from 1940 to 2002
Glasscock E, Yoo JW, Chen TT, Klassen TL, and Noebels JL (2010): Kv1.1 potassium channel deficiency reveals brain-driven cardiac dysfunction as a candidate mechanism for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
Goldman AM, Behr ER, Semsarian C, et al. (2016): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy genetics: Molecular diagnostics and prevention
Goldman AM, Glasscock E, Yoo J, et al. (2009): Arrhythmia in heart and brain: KCNQ1 mutations link epilepsy and sudden unexplained death
Gomes RA, Kesrouani S, Cruz J, Silva AL, Henriques TMG, Albuquerque Md, Arida RM, Sonoda EYF, Cysneiros RM, Terra VC et al. (2009): Is there something special about cardiovascular abnormalities and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy among patients with chronic renal insufficiency in regular hemodialysis program?
González Martínez F, Navarro Gutiérrez S, de León Belmar JJ, and Valero Serrano B (2005): Electrocardiographic disorders associated to recent onset epilepsy
González-Pal S, Barrios-Grillo E, and Franco-Salazar G(2004): Causes of death in epilepsy patients who died in a Cuban psychiatric hospital
Goodman JH, Homan RW, and Crawford IL(1990): Kindled seizures elevate blood pressure and induce cardiac arrhythmias
Goodman JH, Homan RW, and Crawford IL (1999): Kindled seizures activate both branches of the autonomic nervous system
Gospe S and Camfield P (2005): Cardiac causes of sudden death: Virtual panel discussion of posed questions
Groner C (2006): Hard Choices: Whether and How to Address SUDEP With Epileptic Patients

H

Hadziefendic S and Haxhiu MA (1999): CNS innervation of vagal preganglionic neurons controlling peripheral airways: a transneuronal labeling study using pseudorabies virus
Hanna J (1997): Epilepsy and sudden death: A personal view
Hanna N, Black M, Sander J, Smithson W, Appleton R, Brown S, Fish D et al.(2002): The national sentinel clinical audit of epilepsy related death: Epilepsy – Death in the shadows
Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. (2017): Practice guideline summary: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors
Harnod T, Yang CCH, Hsin YL, Shieh KR, Wang PJ, and Kuo TBJ (2008): Heart rate variability in children with refractory generalized epilepsy
Harnod T, Yang CCH, Hsin YL, Wang PJ, Shieh KR, and Kuo TBJ (2009): Heart rate variability in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy
Harper RM, Frysinger RC, Trelease RB, and Marks JD (1984): State-dependent alteration of respiratory cycle timing by stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala
Harper RM, Frysinger RC, Marks JD, Zhang JX, and Trelease RB(1988): Cardiorespiratory control during sleep
Harper RM, Frysinger RC, Ni HF, and Terreberry RR(1990): Suprapontine influences on respiratory patterning during sleep-waking states
Harper RM, Rector D, Poe G, Frysinger RC, Kristensen M, and Gozel D(1996): Rostral brain regions contributing to respiratory control
Harper RM, Gozal D, Bandler R, Spriggs D, Lee J, and Alger J (1998): Regional brain activation in humans during respiratory and blood pressure challenges
Harper RM, Poe GR, Rector DM, and Kristensen MP (1998): Relationships between hippocampal activity and breathing patterns
Harper RM, Bandler R, Spriggs D, and Alger JR (2000): Lateralized and widespread brain activation during transient blood pressure elevation revealed by magnetic resonance imaging
Harper RM, Macey PM, Henderson LA, Woo MA, Macey KE, Frysinger RC, Alger JR, Nguyen KP, and Yan-Go FL (2003): fMRI responses to cold pressor challenges in control and obstructive sleep apnea subjects
Hart Y, Sander J, and Sharvon S(1989): National General Practice Study of Epilepsy and Epileptic Seizures: Objectives and study methodology of the largest reported prospective cohort study of epilepsy
Harvey AS, Nolan T, and Carlin JB(1993): Community-based study of mortality in children with epilepsy
Hascoet JM, Monin P, and Vert P(1988): Persistence of impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the postictal period in piglets
Hennessy MJ, Tighe MG, Binnie CD, and Nashef L (2001): Sudden withdrawal of carbamazepine increases cardiac sympathetic activity in sleep
Hewertson J, Poets CF, Samuels MP, Boyd SG, Neville BG, and Southall DP (1994): Epileptic seizure-induced hypoxemia in infants with apparent life-threatening events
Hewertson J, Boyd SG, Samuels MP, Neville BG, and Southall DP (1996): Hypoxaemia and cardiorespiratory changes during epileptic seizures in young children
Higham PD and Campbell RW (1994): QT dispersion
Hilz MJ, Dütsch M, Perrine K, Nelson PK, Rauhut U, and Devinsky O (2001): Hemispheric influence on autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity
Hilz MJ, Devinsky O, Doyle W, Mauerer A, and Dütsch M (2002): Decrease of sympathetic cardiovascular modulation after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery
Hilz MJ, Platsch G, Druschky K, Pauli E, Kuwert T, Stefan H, Neundörfer B, and Druschky A (2003): Outcome of epilepsy surgery correlates with sympathetic modulation and neuroimaging of the heart
Hilz MJ, Devinsky O, Szczepanska H, Borod JC, Marthol H, and Tutaj M (2006): Right ventromedial prefrontal lesions result in paradoxical cardiovascular activation with emotional stimuli
Hindocha N, Nashef L, Elmslie F, Birch R, Zuberi S, Al-Chalabi A, Crotti L, Schwartz PJ, and Makoff A (2008): Two cases of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in a GEFS+ family with an SCN1A mutation
Hirsch CS and Martin DL (1971): Unexpected death in young epileptics
Hirsch LJ and Hauser WA(2004): Can sudden unexplained death in epilepsy be prevented?
Hitiris N, Suratman S, Kelly K, Stephen LJ, Sills GJ, and Brodie MJ (2007): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A search for risk factors
Hockman CH, Duffin J, Rupert AH, and Vachon BR(1974): Phase-switching of respiration induced by central gray and hippocampal stimulation in the cat
Hoff HE and Breckenridge CG (1952): Levels of integration of respiratory patterns
Hopkins DA and Holstege G (1978): Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the cat
Horrocks IA, Nechay A, Stephenson JBP, and Zuberi SM (2005): Anoxic-epileptic seizures: observational study of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes
Howell SJ and Blumhardt LD (1988): ECG abnormalities in epileptics
Howell SJ and Blumhardt LD (1989): Cardiac asystole associated with epileptic seizures: A case report with simultaneous EEG and ECG
Hughes JR (2009): A review of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Prediction of patients at risk

I

Iani C, Colicchio G, Attanasio A, Mattia D, and Manfredi M (1997): Cardiogenic syncope in temporal lobe epileptic seizures
Iivanainen M and Lehtinen J (1979): Causes of death in institutionalized epileptics

J

Jay GW and Leestma JE(1981): Sudden death in epilepsy. A comprehensive review of the literature and proposed mechanisms
Jehi L and Najm IM (2008): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Impact, mechanisms, and prevention
Jick S, Cole T, Mesher R, Tennis P, and Jick H(1992): Sudden unexplained death in young persons with primary epilepsy
Jin L, Zhang Y, Wang XL (2017): Postictal apnea as an important mechanism for SUDEP: A near-SUDEP with continuous EEG-ECG-EMG recording
Johnson H and Griffiths C(2003): Estimating excess winter mortality in England and Wales
Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM, Cascino GD, Wilde AAM, and Ackerman MJ (2009): Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy
Johnston A and Smith P (2007): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (Johnston, Smith)
Johnston SC, Horn JK, Valente J, and Simon RP (1995): The role of hypoventilation in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death
Johnston SC, Siedenberg R, Min JK, Jerome EH, and Laxer KD (1997): Central apnea and acute cardiac ischemia in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death
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K

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==A==
-*Ackerman, MJ (2005): [[Cardiac causes of sudden unexpected death in children and their relationship to seizures and syncope: Genetic testing for cardiac electropathies]]
+*Ackerman MJ (2005): [[Cardiac causes of sudden unexpected death in children and their relationship to seizures and syncope: Genetic testing for cardiac electropathies]]
-*Adams, R (1827): [[Cases of diseases of the heart accompanied with pathological observations]]
+*Adams R (1827): [[Cases of diseases of the heart accompanied with pathological observations]]
 *Aiba I, Noebels JL (2015): [[Spreading depolarization in the brainstem mediates sudden cardiorespiratory arrest in mouse SUDEP models]]
 *Akalin F, Tirtir A, and Yilmaz Y (2003): [[Increased QT dispersion in epileptic children]]
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 *Annegers JF, Coan SP, Hauser WA, Leestma J, Duffell W, and Tarver B (1998): [[Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death]]
 *Annegers JF, Coan SP, Hauser WA, and Leestma J (2000): [[Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, all-cause mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death]]
+*Annegers JF (1997): [[United States perspective on definitions and classifications]]
 *Antoniuk SA, Oliva LV, Bruck I, Malucelli M, Yabumoto S, and Castellano JL (2001): [[Sudden unexpected, unexplained death in epilepsy autopsied patients]]
 *Arends JB, van Dorp J, van Hoek D, et al. (2016): [[Diagnostic accuracy of audio-based seizure detection in patients with severe epilepsy and an intellectual disability]]
@@ Line 38: / Line 39: @@
 *Bateman LM, Spitz M, and Seyal M (2010): [[Ictal hypoventilation contributes to cardiac arrhythmia and sudep: Report on two deaths in video-eeg-monitored patients]]
 *Bateman LM, Spitz M, Seyal M (2010): [[Ictal hypoventilation contributes to cardiac arrhythmia and SUDEP: report on two deaths in video-EEG-monitored patients]]
+*Bateman LM, Li CS, Lin TC, and Seyal M (2010): [[SSRI are associated with reduced severity of ictal hypoxemia in medically refractory partial epilepsy]]
 *Bauer PR, Thijs RD, Lamberts RJ (2017): [[Dynamics of convulsive seizure termination and postictal generalized EEG suppression]]
 *Bell GS and Sander JW (2006): [[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risk factors, possible 225 mechanisms and prevention: A reappraisal]]
@@ Line 79: / Line 81: @@
 *Chungath M and Shorvon S (2008): [[The mortality and morbidity of febrile seizures]]
 *Clark D and Riney K (2016): [[A population-based post mortem study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy]]
+*Clark RS, Carcillo JA, Kochanek PM, et al. (1997): [[Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine concentration and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after severe head injury in humans]]
 *Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Hart YM, Goodridge DM, and Shorvon SD (1994): [[Mortality from epilepsy: Results from a prospective population-based study]]
 *Cohen MI (1971): [[Switching of the respiratory phases and evoked phrenic responses produced by rostral pontine electrical stimulation]]
@@ Line 87: / Line 90: @@
 *Colder BW, Wilson CL, Frysinger RC, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): [[Interspike intervals during interictal periods in human temporal lobe epilepsy]]
 *Constantin L, Martins JB, Fincham RW, and Dagli RD (1990): [[Bradycardia and syncope as manifestations of partial epilepsy]]
+*Cooper MS, Mcintosh A, Crompton DE, et al. (2016): [[Mortality in Dravet Syndrome]]
 *Cooper PN (2008): [[Cardiac arrhythmias and SUDEP--Commentary on Hindocha et al.]]
 *Corfield DR, Fink GR, Ramsay SC, Murphy K, Harty HR, Watson JD, Adams L, Frackowiak RS, and Guz A(1995): [[Activation of limbic structures during CO2-stimulated breathing in awake man]]
@@ Line 120: / Line 124: @@
 *Devinsky O, Friedman D, Cheng JY, et al. (2017): [[Underestimation of sudden deaths among patients with seizures and epilepsy]]
 *Devinsky O, Hesdorffer DC, Thurman DJ, et al. (2016): [[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention]]
+*Dlouhy BJ, Gehlbach BK, Kreple CJ, et al. (2015): [[Breathing inhibited when seizures spread to the amygdala and upon amygdala stimulation]]
 *Doherty MJ (2004): [[The sudden death of Patsy Custis, or George Washington on sudden unexplained death in epilepsy]]
 *Donahue LM, Coates PW, Lee VH, Ippensen DC, Arze SE, and Poduslo SE (2000): [[The cardiac sodium channel mRNA is expressed in the developing and adult rat and human brain]]
@@ Line 131: / Line 136: @@
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 *Durelli L, Mutani R, Sechi GP, Monaco F, Glorioso N, and Gusmaroli G (1985): [[Cardiac side effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine. A dose-related phenomenon?]]
+*During MJ and Spencer DD (1992): [[Adenosine: a potential mediator of seizure arrest and post-ictal refractoriness]]
 *Dütsch M, Hilz MJ, and Devinsky O (2006): [[Impaired baroreflex function in temporal lobe epilepsy]]
 *Dütsch M, Devinsky O, Doyle W, Marthol H, and Hilz MJ (2004): [[Cerebral autoregulation improves in epilepsy patients after temporal lobe surgery]]
@@ Line 147: / Line 153: @@
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 *Faustmann PM and Ganz RE (1994): [[Central cardio-autonomic disorganization in interictal states of epilepsy detected by phase space analysis]]
+*Feldman JL, Mitchell GS, and Nattie EE (2003): [[Breathing: rhythmicity, plasticity, chemosensitivity]]
 *Ferri R, Curzi-Dascalova L, Arzimanoglou A, Bourgeois M, Beaud C, Nunes ML, Elia M, Musumeci SA, and Tripodi M (2002): [[Heart rate variability during sleep in children with partial epilepsy]]
 *Ficker DM(2000): [[Sudden unexplained death and injury in epilepsy]]
@@ Line 156: / Line 163: @@
 *Freeman R and Schachter SC (1995): [[Autonomic epilepsy]]
 *Freytag E and Lindenberg R (1964): [[294 medicolegal autopsies on epileptics: Cerebral findings]]
+*Friedman D, Donner EJ, Stephens D, et al. (2014): [[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Knowledge and experience among US and Canadian neurologists]]
 *Friedman DE and Gilliam FG (2009): [[Seizure-related injuries are underreported in pharmacoresistant localization-related epilepsy]]
 *Frostig RD, Frysinger RC, and Harper RM(1990): [[Recurring discharge patterns in multiple spike trains]]
@@ Line 172: / Line 180: @@
 *Garcia M, D’Giano C, Estellés S, Leiguarda R, and Rabinowicz A (2001): [[Ictal tachycardia: Its discriminating potential between temporal and extratemporal seizure foci]]
 *Gatto EM, Zurrú MC, and González MA (1996): [[Prolonged QT syndrome presenting as epilepsy]]
+*Gayatri NA, Morrall MC, Jain V, et al. (2010): [[Parental and physician beliefs regarding the provision and content of written sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) information]]
 *George JR and Davis GG (1998): [[Comparison of anti-epileptic drug levels in different cases of sudden death]]
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 *Glasscock E, Yoo JW, Chen TT, Klassen TL, and Noebels JL (2010): [[Kv1.1 potassium channel deficiency reveals brain-driven cardiac dysfunction as a candidate mechanism for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy]]
 *Goldman AM, Behr ER, Semsarian C, et al. (2016): [[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy genetics: Molecular diagnostics and prevention]]
+*Goldman AM, Glasscock E, Yoo J, et al. (2009): [[Arrhythmia in heart and brain: KCNQ1 mutations link epilepsy and sudden unexplained death]]
 *Gomes RA, Kesrouani S, Cruz J, Silva AL, Henriques TMG, Albuquerque Md, Arida RM, Sonoda EYF, Cysneiros RM, Terra VC et al. (2009): [[Is there something special about cardiovascular abnormalities and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy among patients with chronic renal insufficiency in regular hemodialysis program?]]
 *González Martínez F, Navarro Gutiérrez S, de León Belmar JJ, and Valero Serrano B (2005): [[Electrocardiographic disorders associated to recent onset epilepsy]]
@@ Line 189: / Line 199: @@
 *Hanna J (1997): [[Epilepsy and sudden death: A personal view]]
 *Hanna N, Black M, Sander J, Smithson W, Appleton R, Brown S, Fish D et al.(2002): [[The national sentinel clinical audit of epilepsy related death: Epilepsy – Death in the shadows]]
+*Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. (2017): [[Practice guideline summary: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors]]
 *Harnod T, Yang CCH, Hsin YL, Shieh KR, Wang PJ, and Kuo TBJ (2008): [[Heart rate variability in children with refractory generalized epilepsy]]
 *Harnod T, Yang CCH, Hsin YL, Wang PJ, Shieh KR, and Kuo TBJ (2009): [[Heart rate variability in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy]]
@@ Line 245: / Line 256: @@
 *Kaada BR, Pribram KH, and Epstein JA (1949): [[Respiratory and vascular responses in monkeys from temporal pole, insula, orbital surface and cingulate gyrus; a preliminary report]]
 *Kahane P, Di Leo M, Hoffmann D, and Munari C (1999): [[Ictal bradycardia in a patient with a hypothalamic hamartoma: A stereo-EEG study]]
+*Kalume F, Westenbroek RE, Cheah CS, et al. (2013): [[Sudden unexpected death in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome]]
 *Kamath MV, Upton AR, Talalla A, and Fallen EL (1992): [[Effect of vagal nerve electrostimulation on the power spectrum of heart rate variability in man]]
 *Kamath MV, Upton AR, Talalla A, and Fallen EL (1992): [[Neurocardiac responses to vagoafferent electrostimulation in humans]]
@@ Line 273: / Line 285: @@
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+*Lacuey N, Zonjy B, Londono L, et al. (2017): [[Amygdala and hippocampus are symptomatogenic zones for central apneic seizures]]
+*Lacuey N, Zonjy B, Hampson JP, et al. (2018): [[Incidence and significance of periictal apnea in epileptic seizures]]
 *Lamberts RJ, Blom MT, Wassenaar M, et al. (2015): [[Sudden cardiac arrest in people with epilepsy in the community: Circumstances and risk factors]]
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+*Lamberts RJ, Thijs RD, Laffan A, et al. (2012): [[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: people with nocturnal seizures may be at highest risk]]
 *Lane RD, Zeitlin SB, Abrams R, and Swartz CM (1989): [[Differential effects of right unilateral and bilateral ECT on heart rate]]
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@@ Line 331: / Line 346: @@
 *Marshall DW, Westmoreland BF, and Sharbrough FW (1983): [[Ictal tachycardia during temporal lobe seizures]]
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+*Massey CA, Sowers LP, Dlouhy BJ, et al. (2014): [[Mechanisms of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: the pathway to prevention]]
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@@ Line 344: / Line 360: @@
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+*Moseley BD (2015): [[Seizure related autonomic changes in children]]
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@@ Line 376: / Line 393: @@
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@@ Line 392: / Line 410: @@
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@@ Line 418: / Line 437: @@
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@@ Line 442: / Line 462: @@
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@@ Line 493: / Line 514: @@
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@@ Line 546: / Line 569: @@
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@@ Line 557: / Line 581: @@
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@@ Line 606: / Line 634: @@
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+=Network Graph=
+<div id="network-graph">Retrieving data for the network graph...</div>

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