Welcome

An increased risk of sudden death has been reported in patients with epilepsy since the late 1800s, and possibly much earlier (DeToledo et al., 1999; Doherty, 2004). Since the 1990s sudden unexpected (or unexplained) death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has received increasing attention and been recognized as more widespread than previously believed. Despite the increase in awareness, “systematic well funded research remains limited. The medical literature contains much repetition, with effort spent on re-analysing data with substantial methodological limitations,” (Tomson et al., 2008). There is a need for better clinical and basic science studies and improved epidemiological data, and there is also a need for increased knowledge of the findings already obtained, and how they interrelate.

This wiki exists to harness the collective knowledge of the worldwide SUDEP research community in the hope of focusing and accelerating the effort to better understand and more effectively prevent SUDEP. A massive literature on sudden death in epilepsy and closely related phenomena exists, with many studies having considerable overlap. Many isolated case reports have been published, and considering them collectively increases their informative power. Users of this tool can add entries for articles including links to the articles themselves, contribute to the discussion of articles, add links to the entries on related articles, or post comments. Comparing and contrasting research findings in this way can highlight where open questions exist and potentially target future investigation more effectively. The ultimate aim is better mechanistic insight into the process, which has the potential to reduce SUDEP deaths.

Articles (organized by first author)

A

• Ackerman, MJ (2005): Cardiac causes of sudden unexpected death in children and their relationship to seizures and syncope: Genetic testing for cardiac electropathies
• Adams, R (1827): Cases of diseases of the heart accompanied with pathological observations
• Akalin F, Tirtir A, and Yilmaz Y (2003): Increased QT dispersion in epileptic children
• Al-Aweel IC, Krishnamurthy KB, Hausdorff JM, Mietus JE, Ives JR, Blum AS, Schomer DL, and Goldberger AL (1999): Postictal heart rate oscillations in partial epilepsy
• Almansori M, Ijaz M, and Ahmed SN (2006): Cerebral arrhythmia influencing cardiac rhythm: A case of ictal bradycardia
• Altenmüller DM, Zehender M, and Schulze-Bonhage A (2004): High-grade atrioventricular block triggered by spontaneous and stimulation-induced epileptic activity in the left temporal lobe
• Anand BK and Dua S (1956): Circulatory and respiratory changes induced by electrical stimulation of limbic system (visceral brain)
• Annegers JF and Coan SP (1999): SUDEP: Overview of definitions and review of incidence data
• Annegers JF, Coan SP, Hauser WA, Leestma J, Duffell W, and Tarver B (1998): Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death
• Annegers JF, Coan SP, Hauser WA, and Leestma J (2000): Epilepsy, vagal nerve stimulation by the NCP system, all-cause mortality, and sudden, unexpected, unexplained death
• Antoniuk SA, Oliva LV, Bruck I, Malucelli M, Yabumoto S, and Castellano JL (2001): Sudden unexpected, unexplained death in epilepsy autopsied patients
• Arends JB, van Dorp J, van Hoek D, et al. (2016): Diagnostic accuracy of audio-based seizure detection in patients with severe epilepsy and an intellectual disability
• Arida RM, Scorza CA, Schmidt B, de Albuquerque M, Cavalheiro EA, and Scorza FA (2008): Physical activity in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Much more than a simple sport
• Asadi-Pooya AA and Sperling MR (2009): Clinical features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Aserinsky E (1965): Periodic respiratory pattern occurring in conjunction with eye movements during sleep
• Aurlien D, Taubøll E, and Gjerstad L (2007): Lamotrigine in idiopathic epilepsy – Increased risk of cardiac death?
• Aurlien D, Tauböll E, and Gjerstad L (2008): An insufficient effect of lamotrigine leading to fatal seizures
• Aurlien D, Leren TP, Taubøll E, and Gjerstad L (2009): New SCN5A mutation in a SUDEP victim with idiopathic epilepsy

B

• Bacon GM (1868): On the modes of death in epilepsy
• Bateman LM, Li CS, and Seyal M (2008): Ictal hypoxemia in localization-related epilepsy: Analysis of incidence, severity and risk factors
• Bateman LM, Spitz M, and Seyal M (2010): Ictal hypoventilation contributes to cardiac arrhythmia and sudep: Report on two deaths in video-eeg-monitored patients
• Bell GS and Sander JW (2006): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risk factors, possible 225 mechanisms and prevention: A reappraisal
• Bell GS, Peacock JL, and Sander JW (2009): Seasonality as a risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A study in a large cohort
• Benassi E, Bo GP, Cocito L, Maffini M, and Loeb C (1987): Carbamazepine and cardiac conduction disturbances
• Bennani FK and Connolly CE (1997): Sudden unexpected death in young adults including four cases of SADS: A 10-year review from the west of Ireland
• Beran RG, Weber S, Sungaran R, Venn N, and Hung A (2004): Review of the legal obligations of the doctor to discuss Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) – A cohort controlled comparative cross-matched study in an outpatient epilepsy clinic
• Berg A (2001): Mortality in epilepsy
• Bergfeldt L, Vallin H, Rosenqvist M, Insulander P, Nordlander R, and Aström H (1996): Sinus node recovery time assessment revisited: Role of pharmacologic blockade of the autonomic nervous system
• Bird J, Dembny K, Sandeman D, and Butler S(1995): Sudden unexplained death explained?
• Bird J, Dembny K, Sandeman D, and Butler S(1997): Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: An intracranially monitored case
• Black A (2005): SUDEP – Whether to tell and when
• Blum AS, Ives JR, Goldberger AL, Al-Aweel IC, Krishnamurthy KB, Drislane FW, and Schomer DL (2000): Oxygen desaturations triggered by partial seizures: Implications for cardiopulmonary instability in epilepsy
• Blumhardt LD, Smith PE, and Owen L (1986): Electrocardiographic accompaniments of temporal lobe epileptic seizures
• Bowerman DL, Levisky JA, Urich RW, and Wittenberg PH (1978): Premature deaths in persons with seizure disorders – Subtherapeutic levels of anticonvulsant drugs in postmortem blood specimens
• Bowers RE, McKeen CR, Park BE, and Brigham KL (1979): Increased pulmonary vascular permeability follows intracranial hypertension in sheep
• Breckenridge CG and Hoff HE (1953): Ischemic and anoxic dissolution of the supramedullary control of respiration
• Britton J, Ghearing G, Benarroch E, and Cascino G(2006): The ictal bradycardia syndrome: Localization and lateralization
• Brna P, Camfield P, Camfield C, Messenger M, and Finley J (2006): When are episodes of loss of consciousness life-threatening?
• Brodie MJ and Ben-Menachem E: Should patients or their families be told of the risk of Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy?
• Brodie MJ and Holmes GL (2008): Should all patients be told about sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)? Pros and Cons
• Brotherstone R, Blackhall B, and McLellan A (2009): Lengthening of corrected QT during epileptic seizures
• Brown SW, Mawer GE, Lawler W, Taylor DC, Shorvon S, Betts TA, Noronha MJ, Richens A, Chadwick D, and Besag FM (1990): Sudden death and epilepsy

C

• Callanan C(2008): Death in the shadows
• Camfield CS, Camfield PR, and Veugelers PJ (2002): Death in children with epilepsy: A population-based study
• Camfield P and Camfield C (2005): Sudden unexpected death in people with epilepsy: A pediatric perspective
• Carinci V, Barbato G, Baldrati A, and Di Pasquale G (2007): Asystole induced by partial seizures: A rare cause of syncope
• Carlson C, Arnedo V, Cahill M, and Devinsky O (2009): Detecting nocturnal convulsions: Efficacy of the MP5 monitor
• Carnel SB, Schraeder PL, and Lathers CM (1985): Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on cardiac neural discharge and pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptogenic activity in the cat
• Chapman WP, Livingston KE, and Poppen JL (1950): An observation of the effect of the electrical stimulation of the temporal lobes on blood pressure in man
• Chapman WP, Livingston KE, and Poppen JL (1950): Effect upon blood pressure of electrical stimulation of tips of temporal lobes in man
• Chapman WP, Schroeder HR, Geyer G, Brazier MA, Fager C, Poppen JL, Solomon HC, and Yakolev PI (1954): Physiological evidence concerning importance of the amygdaloid nuclear region in the integration of circulatory function and emotion in man
• Chapman WP, Solomon HC, Schroeder HR, Brazier MA, Geyer G, Fager C, Poppen J, and Yakolev P(1956): Present status of the relationship of brain structures to the circulation and emotional expression in man
• Chiron C, Marchand MC, Tran A, Rey E, d’Athis P, Vincent J, Dulac O, and Pons G (2000): Stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. STICLO study group
• Cho I, Kai M, Ichikado K, Naitoh M, Sakata T, and Suga M (2002): A case of neurogenic pulmonary edema associated with epileptic seizure
• Chungath M and Shorvon S (2008): The mortality and morbidity of febrile seizures
• Clark D and Riney K (2016): A population-based post mortem study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Cockerell OC, Johnson AL, Sander JW, Hart YM, Goodridge DM, and Shorvon SD (1994): Mortality from epilepsy: Results from a prospective population-based study
• Cohen MI (1971): Switching of the respiratory phases and evoked phrenic responses produced by rostral pontine electrical stimulation
• Cohen MI (1981): Pulmonary afferent and central influences on respiratory phase-switching in the cat
• Cohen-Gadol AA, DiLuna ML, and Spencer DD (2004): Partial epilepsy presenting as episodic dyspnea: A specific network involved in limbic seizure propagation
• Colder BW, Frysinger RC, Wilson CL, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): Decreased neuronal burst discharge near site of seizure onset in epileptic human temporal lobes
• Colder BW, Wilson CL, Frysinger RC, Chao LC, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): Neuronal synchrony in relation to burst discharge in epileptic human temporal lobes
• Colder BW, Wilson CL, Frysinger RC, Harper RM, and Engel J J (1996): Interspike intervals during interictal periods in human temporal lobe epilepsy
• Constantin L, Martins JB, Fincham RW, and Dagli RD (1990): Bradycardia and syncope as manifestations of partial epilepsy
• Cooper PN (2008): Cardiac arrhythmias and SUDEP--Commentary on Hindocha et al.
• Corfield DR, Fink GR, Ramsay SC, Murphy K, Harty HR, Watson JD, Adams L, Frackowiak RS, and Guz A(1995): Activation of limbic structures during CO2-stimulated breathing in awake man
• Corfield DR, Fink GR, Ramsay SC, Murphy K, Harty HR, Watson JD, Adams L, Frack- owiak RS, and Guz A (1995): Evidence for limbic system activation during CO2-stimulated breathing in man
• Cortey A, Monin P, Hascoet JM, Hamon I, and Vert P(1994): Effects of phenobarbital on cerebral blood flow during hypoxia
• Coulter DL (1984): Partial seizures with apnea and bradycardia
• Coyle HP, Baker-Brian N, and Brown SW (1994): Coroners’ autopsy reporting of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in the UK
• Critchley HD, Corfield DR, Chandler MP, Mathias CJ, and Dolan RJ (2000): Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans

D

• Danielsson BR, Lansdell K, Patmore L, and Tomson T(2003): Phenytoin and phenobarbital inhibit human HERG potassium channels
• Danielsson BR, Lansdell K, Patmore L, and Tomson T (2005): Effects of the antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin on hERG potassium currents
• Darbin O, Casebeer D, and Naritoku DK (2003): Effects of seizure severity and seizure repetition on postictal cardiac arrhythmia following maximal electroshock
• Darbin O, Casebeer DJ, and Naritoku DK (2002): Cardiac dysrhythmia associated with the immediate postictal state after maximal electroshock in freely moving rat
• Dasheiff RM (1991): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a series from an epilepsy surgery program and speculation on the relationship to sudden cardiac death
• Dasheiff RM and Dickinson LJ (1986): Sudden unexpected death of epileptic patient due to cardiac arrhythmia after seizure
• Davis AM and Wilkinson JL (1998): The long QT syndrome and seizures in childhood
• de Albuquerque M, Scorza CA, Arida RM, Cavalheiro EA, and Scorza FA (2009): The mystery of Gustave Flaubert's death: could sudden unexpected death in epilepsy be part of the context?
• De Burgh Daly M(1986): Interactions between respiration and circulation
• de la Grandmaison GL (2006): Is there progress in the autopsy diagnosis of sudden unexpected death in adults?
• DeGiorgio CM, Miller P, Meymandi S, and Gornbein JA (2008): N-3 fatty acids (fish oil) for epilepsy, cardiac risk factors, and risk of SUDEP: clues from a pilot, double-blind, exploratory study
• Delgado JM (1960): Circulatory effects of cortical stimulation
• Derby LE, Tennis P, and Jick H (1996): Sudden unexplained death among subjects with refractory epilepsy
• DeToledo JC, DeToledo MB, and Lowe MR (1999): Epilepsy and sudden death: notes from George Washington's diaries on the illness and death of Martha Parke-Custis (1756-1773)
• Devilat Barros M, Rivera Gómez G, Gómez Muñoz V, and Sepulveda Olmos JP(2004): Mortality in children with epilepsy. A clinical prospective study
• Devinsky O, Price BH, and Cohen SI (1986): Cardiac manifestations of complex partial seizures
• Devinsky O, Perrine K, and eodore WH(1994): Interictal autonomic nervous system function in patients with epilepsy
• Devinsky O, Pacia S, and Tatambhotla G (1997): Bradycardia and asystole induced by partial seizures: A case report and literature review
• Devinsky O (2004): Effects of Seizures on Autonomic and Cardiovascular Function
• Doherty MJ (2004): The sudden death of Patsy Custis, or George Washington on sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
• Donahue LM, Coates PW, Lee VH, Ippensen DC, Arze SE, and Poduslo SE (2000): The cardiac sodium channel mRNA is expressed in the developing and adult rat and human brain
• Donner EJ, Smith CR, and Snead r OC (2001): Sudden unexplained death in children with epilepsy
• Drake ME, Reider CR, and Kay A (1993): Electrocardiography in epilepsy patients without cardiac symptoms
• Drake J ME, Andrews JM, and Castleberry CM (1998): Electrophysiologic assessment of autonomic function in epilepsy
• Dravet C, Bureau M, Oguni H, Fukuyama Y, and Cokar O(2005): Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: Dravet syndrome
• Druschky A, Hilz MJ, Hopp P, Platsch G, Radespiel-Tröger M, Druschky K, Kuwert T, Stefan H, and Neundörfer B (2001): Interictal cardiac autonomic dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated by 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine-SPECT
• Duffin J and Hockman CH (1972): Limbic forebrain and midbrain modulation and phase-switching of expiratory neurons
• Duffin J, Hockman CH, Rupert AH, and Vachon BR(1974): Limbic system modulation of respiratory neurones
• Durelli L, Mutani R, Sechi GP, Monaco F, Glorioso N, and Gusmaroli G (1985): Cardiac side effects of phenytoin and carbamazepine. A dose-related phenomenon?
• Dütsch M, Hilz MJ, and Devinsky O (2006): Impaired baroreflex function in temporal lobe epilepsy
• Dütsch M, Devinsky O, Doyle W, Marthol H, and Hilz MJ (2004): Cerebral autoregulation improves in epilepsy patients after temporal lobe surgery

E

• Earnest MP, Thomas GE, Eden RA, and Hossack KF(1992): The sudden unexplained death syndrome in epilepsy: demographic, clinical, and postmortem features]]
• El-Sayed HL, Kotby AA, Tomoum HY, El-Hadidi ES, El Behery SE, and El-Ganzory AM (2007): Non-invasive assessment of cardioregulatory autonomic functions in children with epilepsy
• Epstein MA, Sperling MR, and O’Connor MJ (1992): Cardiac rhythm during temporal lobe seizures
• Erickson T(1939): Cardiac activity during epileptic seizures
• Evrengül H, Tanriverdi H, Dursunoglu D, Kaftan A, Kuru O, Unlu U, and Kilic M (2005): Time and frequency domain analyses of heart rate variability in patients with epilepsy

F

• Falconer B and Rajs J(1976): Post-mortem findings of cardiac lesions in epileptics: a preliminary report
• Faught E, Duh MS, Weiner JR, Guérin A, and Cunnington MC (2008): Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM study
• Faustmann PM and Ganz RE (1994): Central cardio-autonomic disorganization in interictal states of epilepsy detected by phase space analysis
• Ferri R, Curzi-Dascalova L, Arzimanoglou A, Bourgeois M, Beaud C, Nunes ML, Elia M, Musumeci SA, and Tripodi M (2002): Heart rate variability during sleep in children with partial epilepsy
• Ficker DM(2000): Sudden unexplained death and injury in epilepsy
• Ficker DM, Cascino GD, and Clements IP (1998): Cardiac asystole masquerading as temporal lobe epilepsy
• Ficker DM, So EL, Shen WK, Annegers JF, O’Brien PC, Cascino GD, and Belau PG (1998): Population-based study of the incidence of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
• Finsterer J and Stöllberger C (2009): Cardiopulmonary surveillance to prevent SUDEP
• Fish D(1997): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Impact on clinical practice
• Freitas J, Kaur G, Fernandez G, Tasuoka C, Kaffashi F, Loparo KA, Rao S,Loplumler J, Kiaboriboon K, Amina S, Tuxhorn I, Lhantoo S (2013). Age-specific peri-ictal electroclinical features of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and potential risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy SUDEP
• Freeman R and Schachter SC (1995): Autonomic epilepsy
• Freytag E and Lindenberg R (1964): 294 medicolegal autopsies on epileptics: Cerebral findings
• Friedman DE and Gilliam FG (2009): Seizure-related injuries are underreported in pharmacoresistant localization-related epilepsy
• Frostig RD, Frysinger RC, and Harper RM(1990): Recurring discharge patterns in multiple spike trains
• Frysinger RC and Harper RM (1986): Cardiac and respiratory relationships with neural discharge in the anterior cingulate cortex during sleep-walking states
• Frysinger RC and Harper RM (1989): Cardiac and respiratory correlations with unit discharge in human amygdala and hippocampus
• Frysinger RC and Harper RM(1990): Cardiac and respiratory correlations with unit discharge in epileptic human temporal lobe
• Frysinger RC, Marks JD, Trelease RB, Schechtman VL, and Harper RM (1984): Sleep states attenuate the pressor response to central amygdala stimulation
• Frysinger RC, Zhang JX, and Harper RM (1988): Cardiovascular and respiratory relationships with neuronal discharge in the central nucleus of the amygdala during sleep-waking states
• Frysinger RC, Engel J, and Harper RM (1993): Interictal heart rate patterns in partial seizure disorders
• Fujiwara T (2006): Clinical spectrum of mutations in SCN1A gene: severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy and related epilepsies

G

• Galimberti CA, Marchioni E, Barzizza F, Manni R, Sartori I, and Tartara A (1996): Partial epileptic seizures of different origin variably affect cardiac rhythm
• Garcia M, D’Giano C, Estellés S, Leiguarda R, and Rabinowicz A (2001): Ictal tachycardia: Its discriminating potential between temporal and extratemporal seizure foci
• Gatto EM, Zurrú MC, and González MA (1996): Prolonged QT syndrome presenting as epilepsy
• George JR and Davis GG (1998): Comparison of anti-epileptic drug levels in different cases of sudden death
• Gilbert R, Salanti G, Harden M, and See S (2005): Infant sleeping position and the sudden infant death syndrome: systematic review of observational studies and historical review of recommendations from 1940 to 2002
• Glasscock E, Yoo JW, Chen TT, Klassen TL, and Noebels JL (2010): Kv1.1 potassium channel deficiency reveals brain-driven cardiac dysfunction as a candidate mechanism for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
• Gomes RA, Kesrouani S, Cruz J, Silva AL, Henriques TMG, Albuquerque Md, Arida RM, Sonoda EYF, Cysneiros RM, Terra VC et al. (2009): Is there something special about cardiovascular abnormalities and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy among patients with chronic renal insufficiency in regular hemodialysis program?
• González Martínez F, Navarro Gutiérrez S, de León Belmar JJ, and Valero Serrano B (2005): Electrocardiographic disorders associated to recent onset epilepsy
• González-Pal S, Barrios-Grillo E, and Franco-Salazar G(2004): Causes of death in epilepsy patients who died in a Cuban psychiatric hospital
• Goodman JH, Homan RW, and Crawford IL(1990): Kindled seizures elevate blood pressure and induce cardiac arrhythmias
• Goodman JH, Homan RW, and Crawford IL (1999): Kindled seizures activate both branches of the autonomic nervous system
• Gospe S and Camfield P (2005): Cardiac causes of sudden death: Virtual panel discussion of posed questions
• Groner C (2006): Hard Choices: Whether and How to Address SUDEP With Epileptic Patients

H

• Hadziefendic S and Haxhiu MA (1999): CNS innervation of vagal preganglionic neurons controlling peripheral airways: a transneuronal labeling study using pseudorabies virus
• Hanna J (1997): Epilepsy and sudden death: A personal view
• Hanna N, Black M, Sander J, Smithson W, Appleton R, Brown S, Fish D et al.(2002): The national sentinel clinical audit of epilepsy related death: Epilepsy – Death in the shadows
• Harnod T, Yang CCH, Hsin YL, Shieh KR, Wang PJ, and Kuo TBJ (2008): Heart rate variability in children with refractory generalized epilepsy
• Harnod T, Yang CCH, Hsin YL, Wang PJ, Shieh KR, and Kuo TBJ (2009): Heart rate variability in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy
• Harper RM, Frysinger RC, Trelease RB, and Marks JD (1984): State-dependent alteration of respiratory cycle timing by stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala
• Harper RM, Frysinger RC, Marks JD, Zhang JX, and Trelease RB(1988): Cardiorespiratory control during sleep
• Harper RM, Frysinger RC, Ni HF, and Terreberry RR(1990): Suprapontine influences on respiratory patterning during sleep-waking states
• Harper RM, Rector D, Poe G, Frysinger RC, Kristensen M, and Gozel D(1996): Rostral brain regions contributing to respiratory control
• Harper RM, Gozal D, Bandler R, Spriggs D, Lee J, and Alger J (1998): Regional brain activation in humans during respiratory and blood pressure challenges
• Harper RM, Poe GR, Rector DM, and Kristensen MP (1998): Relationships between hippocampal activity and breathing patterns
• Harper RM, Bandler R, Spriggs D, and Alger JR (2000): Lateralized and widespread brain activation during transient blood pressure elevation revealed by magnetic resonance imaging
• Harper RM, Macey PM, Henderson LA, Woo MA, Macey KE, Frysinger RC, Alger JR, Nguyen KP, and Yan-Go FL (2003): fMRI responses to cold pressor challenges in control and obstructive sleep apnea subjects
• Hart Y, Sander J, and Sharvon S(1989): National General Practice Study of Epilepsy and Epileptic Seizures: Objectives and study methodology of the largest reported prospective cohort study of epilepsy
• Harvey AS, Nolan T, and Carlin JB(1993): Community-based study of mortality in children with epilepsy
• Hascoet JM, Monin P, and Vert P(1988): Persistence of impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the postictal period in piglets
• Hennessy MJ, Tighe MG, Binnie CD, and Nashef L (2001): Sudden withdrawal of carbamazepine increases cardiac sympathetic activity in sleep
• Hewertson J, Poets CF, Samuels MP, Boyd SG, Neville BG, and Southall DP (1994): Epileptic seizure-induced hypoxemia in infants with apparent life-threatening events
• Hewertson J, Boyd SG, Samuels MP, Neville BG, and Southall DP (1996): Hypoxaemia and cardiorespiratory changes during epileptic seizures in young children
• Higham PD and Campbell RW (1994): QT dispersion
• Hilz MJ, Dütsch M, Perrine K, Nelson PK, Rauhut U, and Devinsky O (2001): Hemispheric influence on autonomic modulation and baroreflex sensitivity
• Hilz MJ, Devinsky O, Doyle W, Mauerer A, and Dütsch M (2002): Decrease of sympathetic cardiovascular modulation after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery
• Hilz MJ, Platsch G, Druschky K, Pauli E, Kuwert T, Stefan H, Neundörfer B, and Druschky A (2003): Outcome of epilepsy surgery correlates with sympathetic modulation and neuroimaging of the heart
• Hilz MJ, Devinsky O, Szczepanska H, Borod JC, Marthol H, and Tutaj M (2006): Right ventromedial prefrontal lesions result in paradoxical cardiovascular activation with emotional stimuli
• Hindocha N, Nashef L, Elmslie F, Birch R, Zuberi S, Al-Chalabi A, Crotti L, Schwartz PJ, and Makoff A (2008): Two cases of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in a GEFS+ family with an SCN1A mutation
• Hirsch CS and Martin DL (1971): Unexpected death in young epileptics
• Hirsch LJ and Hauser WA(2004): Can sudden unexplained death in epilepsy be prevented?
• Hitiris N, Suratman S, Kelly K, Stephen LJ, Sills GJ, and Brodie MJ (2007): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A search for risk factors
• Hockman CH, Duffin J, Rupert AH, and Vachon BR(1974): Phase-switching of respiration induced by central gray and hippocampal stimulation in the cat
• Hoff HE and Breckenridge CG (1952): Levels of integration of respiratory patterns
• Hopkins DA and Holstege G (1978): Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the cat
• Horrocks IA, Nechay A, Stephenson JBP, and Zuberi SM (2005): Anoxic-epileptic seizures: observational study of epileptic seizures induced by syncopes
• Howell SJ and Blumhardt LD (1988): ECG abnormalities in epileptics
• Howell SJ and Blumhardt LD (1989): Cardiac asystole associated with epileptic seizures: A case report with simultaneous EEG and ECG
• Hughes JR (2009): A review of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Prediction of patients at risk

I

• Iani C, Colicchio G, Attanasio A, Mattia D, and Manfredi M (1997): Cardiogenic syncope in temporal lobe epileptic seizures
• Iivanainen M and Lehtinen J (1979): Causes of death in institutionalized epileptics

J

• Jay GW and Leestma JE(1981): Sudden death in epilepsy. A comprehensive review of the literature and proposed mechanisms
• Jehi L and Najm IM (2008): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Impact, mechanisms, and prevention
• Jick S, Cole T, Mesher R, Tennis P, and Jick H(1992): Sudden unexplained death in young persons with primary epilepsy
• Johnson H and Griffiths C(2003): Estimating excess winter mortality in England and Wales
• Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM, Cascino GD, Wilde AAM, and Ackerman MJ (2009): Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy
• Johnston A and Smith P (2007): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (Johnston, Smith)
• Johnston SC, Horn JK, Valente J, and Simon RP (1995): The role of hypoventilation in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death
• Johnston SC, Siedenberg R, Min JK, Jerome EH, and Laxer KD (1997): Central apnea and acute cardiac ischemia in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death
• Jokeit H, Noerpel I, Herbord E, and Ebner A (2000): Heart rate does not decrease after right hemispheric amobarbital injection

K

• Kaada BR and Jasper H (1952): Respiratory responses to stimulation of temporal pole, insula, and hippocampal and limbic gyri in man
• Kaada BR, Pribram KH, and Epstein JA (1949): Respiratory and vascular responses in monkeys from temporal pole, insula, orbital surface and cingulate gyrus; a preliminary report
• Kahane P, Di Leo M, Hoffmann D, and Munari C (1999): Ictal bradycardia in a patient with a hypothalamic hamartoma: A stereo-EEG study
• Kamath MV, Upton AR, Talalla A, and Fallen EL (1992): Effect of vagal nerve electrostimulation on the power spectrum of heart rate variability in man
• Kamath MV, Upton AR, Talalla A, and Fallen EL (1992): Neurocardiac responses to vagoafferent electrostimulation in humans
• Katz R, Tiger M, and Harner R(1983): Epileptic cardiac arrhythmia: sinoatrial arrest in two patients: a potential cause of sudden death in epilepsy?
• Keilson MJ, Hauser WA, Magrill JP, and Goldman M (1987): ECG abnormalities in patients with epilepsy
• Keilson MJ, Hauser WA, and Magrill JP (1989): Electrocardiographic changes during electrographic seizures
• Kennebäck G and Bergfeldt L (1991): Bradyarrhythmias induced by antiepileptics increase frequency of epileptic seizures
• Kennebäck G, Bergfeldt L, Vallin H, Tomson T, and Edhag O (1991): Electrophysiologic effects and clinical hazards of carbamazepine treatment for neurologic disorders in patients with abnormalities of the cardiac conduction system
• Kennebäck G, Bergfeldt L, Tomson T, Spina E, and Edhag O (1992): Carbamazepine induced bradycardia – A problem in general or only in susceptible patients? A 24-h long-term electrocardiogram study
• Kennebäck G, Bergfeldt L, and Tomson T (1995): Electrophysiological evaluation of the sodium-channel blocker carbamazepine in healthy human subjects
• Kennebäck G, Ericson M, Tomson T, and Bergfeldt L (1997): Changes in arrhythmia profile and heart rate variability during abrupt withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Implications for sudden death
• Kerling F, Dütsch M, Linke R, Kuwert T, Stefan H, and Hilz MJ (2009): Relation between ictal asystole and cardiac sympathetic dysfunction shown by MIBG-SPECT
• Khiari HM, Franceschetti S, Jovic N, Mrabet A, and Genton P (2009): Death in Unverricht-Lundborg disease
• Kiely DG, Cargill RI, and Lipworth BJ (1996): Effects of hypercapnia on hemodynamic, inotropic, lusitropic, and electrophysiologic indices in humans
• Kinney H, Chadwick A, Crandall LA, Grafe M, Armstrong DL, Kupsky WJ, Trachtenberg FL, and Krous HF (2009): Sudden death, febrile seizures, and hippocampal maldevelopment in toddlers: A new entity
• Kinney HC, Armstrong DL, Chadwick AE, Crandall LA, Hilbert C, Belliveau RA, Kupsky WJ, and Krous HF(2007): Sudden death in toddlers associated with developmental abnormalities of the hippocampus: a report of five cases
• Kiok MC, Terrence CF, Fromm GH, and Lavine S (1986): Sinus arrest in epilepsy
• Klenerman P, Sander JW, and Shorvon SD (1993): Mortality in patients with epilepsy: A study of patients in long term residential care
• Kloster R and Engelskjøn T (1999): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): A clinical perspective and a search for risk factors
• Kowalik A, Bauer J, and Elger CE (1998): Asystolic Seizures
• Kommajosyula SP, Randall ME, Faingold CL (2016): Inhibition of adenosine metabolism induces changes in post-ictal depression, respiration, and mortality in genetically epilepsy prone rats
• Kraras CM, Tumer N, and Lathers CM (1987): The role of enkephalins in the production of epileptogenic activity and autonomic dysfunction: origin of arrhythmia and sudden death in the epileptic patient?
• Kwon S, Lee S, Hyun M, Choe BH, Kim Y, Park W, and Cho Y (2004): The potential for QT prolongation by antiepileptic drugs in children

L

• Lamberts RJ, Gaitatzis A, Sander JW, et al (2013): Postictal generalized EEG suppression: an inconsistent finding in people with multiple seizures
• Lane RD, Zeitlin SB, Abrams R, and Swartz CM (1989): Differential effects of right unilateral and bilateral ECT on heart rate
• Langan Y (2000): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): Risk factors and case control studies
• Langan Y and Sander JW (1999): Patients with epilepsy who die suddenly do not always have cardiac disease
• Langan Y, Nolan N, and Hutchinson M (1998): The incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in South Dublin and Wicklow
• Langan Y, Nashef L, and Sander JW (2000): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a series of witnessed deaths
• Langan Y, Nashef L, and Sander JWAS (2002): Certification of deaths attributable to epilepsy
• Langan Y, Nashef L, and Sander JW (2005): Case-control study of SUDEP
• Lathers CM and Schraeder PL (1987): Review of autonomic dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, and epileptogenic activity
• Lathers CM and Schraeder PL (1982): Autonomic dysfunction in epilepsy: characterization of autonomic cardiac neural discharge associated with pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptogenic activity
• Lathers CM, Schraeder PL, and Carnel SB (1984): Neural mechanisms in cardiac arrhythmias associated with epileptogenic activity: the effect of phenobarbital in the cat
• Lathers CM, Schraeder PL, and Weiner FL (1987): Synchronization of cardiac autonomic neural discharge with epileptogenic activity: The lockstep phenomenon
• Lathers CM, Schraeder PL, and Tumer N (1993): The effect of phenobarbital on autonomic function and epileptogenic activity induced by the hippocampal injection of penicillin in cats
• Lathers CM (2009): Epilepsy and sudden death: personal reflections and call for global action
• Lathers CM and Schraeder PL (2002): Clinical pharmacology: drugs as a benefit and/or risk in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?
• Lathers CM and Schraeder PL (2006): Stress and sudden death
• Lathers CM and Schraeder PL (2009): Verbal autopsies and SUDEP
• Lathers CM, Schraeder PL, and Bungo MW (2008): The mystery of sudden death: Mechanisms for risks
• Lear-Kaul KC, Coughlin L, and Dobersen MJ (2005): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a retrospective study
• Lee H, Hong S, Tae W, Seo D, and Kim S (1999): Partial seizures manifesting as apnea only in an adult
• Lee J and Devinsky O (2005): The role of autonomic dysfunction in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy patients
• Leestma JE, Kalelkar MB, Teas SS, Jay GW, and Hughes JR (1984): Sudden unexpected death associated with seizures: Analysis of 66 cases
• Leestma JE, Hughes JR, Teas SS, and Kalelkar MB (1985): Sudden epilepsy deaths and the forensic pathologist
• Leestma JE, Walczak T, Hughes JR, Kalelkar MB, and Teas SS (1989): A prospective study on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Leestma JE, Annegers JF, Brodie MJ, Brown S, Schraeder P, Siscovick D, Wannamaker BB, Tennis PS, Cierpial MA, and Earl NL (1997): Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: observations from a large clinical development program
• Leestma J (1997): Forensic considerations in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Leung H, Kwan P, and Elger CE (2006): Finding the missing link between ictal bradyarrhythmia, ictal asystole, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Leung H, Schindler K, Kwan P, and Elger C (2007): Asystole induced by electrical stimulation of the left cingulate gyrus
• Leutmezer F, Schernthaner C, Lurger S, Pötzelberger K, and Baumgartner C (2003): Electrocardiographic changes at the onset of epileptic seizures
• Lhatoo SD and Sander JWAS (2002): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (Lhatoo, Sander)
• Lhatoo SD, Langan Y, MacDonald BK, Zeidan S, and Sander JW (1999): Sudden unexpected death: a rare event in a large community based prospective cohort with newly diagnosed epilepsy and high remission rates
• Lhatoo SD, Langan Y, and Sander JW (1999): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (Lhatoo, Langan, Sander)
• Lhatoo SD, Johnson AL, Goodridge DM, MacDonald BK, Sander JW, and Shorvon SD (2001): Mortality in epilepsy in the first 11 to 14 years after diagnosis: multivariate analysis of a long-term, prospective, population-based cohort
• Lhatoo SD, Faulkner HJ, Dembny K, Trippick K, Johnson C, Bird JM.An electroclinical case-control study of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Li L, Roche J, and Sander J (1995): Ictal ECG changes in temporal lobe epilepsy
• Liedholm LJ and Gudjonsson O (1992): Cardiac arrest due to partial epileptic seizures
• Lim EC, Lim SH, and Wilder-Smith E (2000): Brain seizes, heart ceases: a case of ictal asystole
• Linzer M, Grubb BP, Ho S, Ramakrishnan L, Bromfield E, and Estes r NA (1994): Cardiovascular causes of loss of consciousness in patients with presumed epilepsy: a cause of the increased sudden death rate in people with epilepsy?
• Lip GY and Brodie MJ (1992): Sudden death in epilepsy: An avoidable outcome?
• Lipka LJ and Lathers CM (1987): Psychoactive agents, seizure production, and sudden death in epilepsy
• Livingston S (1961): Living with epileptic seizures
• Locatelli ER, Varghese JP, Shuaib A, and Potolicchio SJ (1999): Cardiac asystole and bradycardia as a manifestation of left temporal lobe complex partial seizure
• Lühdorf K, Jensen LK, and Plesner AM (1987): Epilepsy in the elderly: Life expectancy and causes of death
• Lund A and Gormsen H (1985): The role of antiepileptics in sudden death in epilepsy

M

• Makita N, Sumitomo N, Watanabe I, and Tsutsui H (2007): Novel SCN5A mutation (Q55X) associated with age-dependent expression of Brugada syndrome presenting as neurally mediated syncope
• Malik M (2004): Errors and misconceptions in ECG measurement used for the detection of drug induced QT interval prolongation
• Mameli O, Caria MA, Pintus A, Padua G, and Mameli S (2006): Sudden death in epilepsy: An experimental animal model
• Marshall DW, Westmoreland BF, and Sharbrough FW (1983): Ictal tachycardia during temporal lobe seizures
• Massetani R, Strata G, Galli R, Gori S, Gneri C, Limbruno U, Di Santo D, Mariani M, and Murri L (1997): Alteration of cardiac function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: Different roles of EEG-ECG monitoring and spectral analysis of RR variability
• Massey EW and Schoenberg BS (1985): Mortality from epilepsy. International patterns and changes over time
• Mayer H, Benninger F, Urak L, Plattner B, Geldner J, and Feucht M (2004): EKG abnormalities in children and adolescents with symptomatic temporal lobe epilepsy
• McHugh JC and Delanty N (2008): Epidemiology and classification of epilepsy: Gender comparisons
• McKee JR and Bodfish JW (2000): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in adults with mental retardation
• McLean BN and Wimalaratna S (2007): Sudden death in epilepsy recorded in ambulatory EEG
• Mendes LA and Davidoff R (1993): Cardiogenic seizure with bradyarrhythmia: documentation of the mechanism during asystole
• Mohanraj R, Norrie J, Stephen LJ, Kelly K, Hitiris N, and Brodie MJ (2006): Mortality in adults with newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy: A retrospective comparative study
• Mondon K, Charbonnier B, Hommet C, Corcia P, Autret A, and de Toffol B (2002): Ictal bradycardia followed by cardiac asystole: A case report
• Monté CPJA, Arends JBAM, Tan IY, Aldenkamp AP, Limburg M, and de Krom MCTFM (2007): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients: Risk factors. A systematic review
• Morentin B and Alcaraz R(2002): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in children and adolescents
• Morton B, Richardson A, and Duncan S (2006): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): Don’t ask, don’t tell?
• Moseley BD and DeGiorgio CM (2015): The SUDEP Risk Inventory: Association with postictal generalized EEG suppression
• Mukherjee S, Tripathi M, Chandra PS, Yadav R, Choudhary N, Sagar R, Bhore R, Pandey RM, and Deepak KK (2009): Cardiovascular autonomic functions in well-controlled and intractable partial epilepsies
• Munschauer FE, Mador MJ, Ahuja A, and Jacobs L (1991): Selective paralysis of voluntary but not limbically influenced automatic respiration
• Muuronen A, Kaste M, Nikkilä EA, and Tolppanen EM (1985): Mortality from ischaemic heart disease among patients using anticonvulsive drugs: A case-control study

N

• Nabbout R (2008): Can SCN1A mutations account for SUDEP?
• Naritoku DK, Casebeer DJ, and Darbin O (2003): Effects of seizure repetition on postictal and interictal neurocardiac regulation in the rat
• Nashef L(1997): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Terminology and definitions
• Nashef L (1999): From mystery to prevention: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, time to move on
• Nashef L and Brown S (1996): Epilepsy and sudden death
• Nashef L and Sander JW (1996): Sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy – Where are we now?
• Nashef L, Fish DR, Garner S, Sander JW, and Shorvon SD (1995): Sudden death in epilepsy: A study of incidence in a young cohort with epilepsy and learning difficulty
• Nashef L, Fish DR, Sander JW, and Shorvon SD (1995): Incidence of sudden unexpected death in an adult outpatient cohort with epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre
• Nashef L, Walker F, Allen P, Sander JW, Shorvon SD, and Fish DR (1996): Apnoea and bradycardia during epileptic seizures: Relation to sudden death in epilepsy
• Nashef L, Garner S, Sander JW, Fish DR, and Shorvon SD (1998): Circumstances of death in sudden death in epilepsy: interviews of bereaved relatives
• Nashef L and Ryvlin P (2009): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): Update and reflections
• Nashef L, Hindocha N, and Makoff A (2007): Risk factors in sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP): The quest for mechanisms
• Natelson BH, Suarez RV, Terrence CF, and Turizo R (1998): Patients with epilepsy who die suddenly have cardiac disease
• Nei M, Ho RT, and Sperling MR (2000): EKG abnormalities during partial seizures in refractory epilepsy
• Nei M (2009): Cardiac effects of seizures
• Nei M, Ho RT, Abou-Khalil BW, Drislane FW, Liporace J, Romeo A, and Sperling MR (2004): EEG and ECG in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
• Nelson DA and Ray CD (1968): Respiratory arrest from seizure discharges in the limbic system
• Nelson DA and Ray CD (1996): Sudden death from hypoventilation during epileptic seizures
• Neuspiel DR and Kuller LH (1985): Sudden and unexpected natural death in childhood and adolescence
• Nilsson L, Tomson T, Farahmand BY, Diwan V, and Persson PG (1997): Cause-specific mortality in epilepsy: A cohort study of more than 9,000 patients once hospitalized for epilepsy
• Nilsson L, Farahmand BY, Persson PG, Thiblin I, and Tomson T (1999): Risk factors for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A case-control study
• Nilsson L, Bergman U, Diwan V, Farahmand BY, Persson PG, and Tomson T (2001): Antiepileptic drug therapy and its management in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A case-control study
• Nilsson L, Ahlbom A, Farahmand BY, and Tomson T (2003): Mortality in a population-based cohort of epilepsy surgery patients
• Nousiainen U, Mervaala E, Uusitupa M, Ylinen A, and Sivenius J (1989): Cardiac arrhythmias in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy
• Nousiainen U, Mervaala E, Ylinen A, Uusitupa M, and Riekkinen P (1989): The importance of the electrocardiogram in ambulatory electroencephalographic recordings

O

• O’Donoghue M and Sander J (1997): The mortality associated with epilepsy, with particular reference to sudden unexpected death: a review
• O’Donovan C, Burgess R, Lüders H, and Turnbull J (1995): Computerized seizure detection based on heart rate changes
• Onai T, Takayama K, and Miura M (1987): [[Projections to areas of the nucleus tractus solitarii related to circulatory and respiratory responses in cats
• Opeskin K, Burke MP, Cordner SM, and Berkovic SF (1999): Comparison of antiepileptic drug levels in sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy with deaths from other causes
• Opeskin K, Clarke I, and Berkovic SF (2000): Prolactin levels in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Opeskin K, Harvey AS, Cordner SM, and Berkovic SF (2000): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in Victoria
• Opeskin K, Thomas A, and Berkovic SF (2000): Does cardiac conduction pathology contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?
• Opeskin K and Berkovic SF (2003): Risk factors for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A controlled prospective study based on coroners cases
• Opherk C, Coromilas J, and Hirsch L (2002): Heart rate and EKG changes in 102 seizures: Analysis of influencing factors
• Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, and Hachinski VC (1992): Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation

P

• Pacia SV, Devinsky O, Luciano DJ, and Vazquez B (1994): The prolonged QT syndrome presenting as epilepsy: A report of two cases and literature review
• Palazzolo JA, Estafanous FG, and Murray PA (1998): Entropy measures of heart rate variation in conscious dogs
• Patel MR, Blum A, Pearlman JD, Yousuf N, Ives JR, Saeteng S, Schomer DL, and Edelman RR(1999): Echo-planar functional MR imaging of epilepsy with concurrent EEG monitoring
• Paterson DS, Trachtenberg FL, Thompson EG, Belliveau RA, Beggs AH, Darnall R, Chadwick AE, Krous HF, and Kinney HC (2006): Multiple serotonergic brainstem abnormalities in sudden infant death syndrome
• Park KJ, Sharma G, Kennedy JD, and Seyal M (2017): Potentially high-risk cardiac arrhythmias with focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures and generalized tonic–clonic seizures are associated with the duration of periictal hypoxemia
• Pedemonte M, Goldstein-Daruech N, and Velluti RA (2003): Temporal correlations between heart rate, medullary units and hippocampal theta rhythm in anesthetized, sleeping and awake guinea pigs
• Pedley TA and Hauser WA (2002): Sudden death in epilepsy: A wake-up call for management
• Persinger MA and Psych C (1995): Sudden unexpected death in epileptics following sudden, intense, increases in geomagnetic activity: Prevalence of effect and potential mechanisms
• Persinger MA, McKay BE, O’Donovan CA, and Koren SA (2005): Sudden death in epileptic rats exposed to nocturnal magnetic fields that simulate the shape and the intensity of sudden changes in geomagnetic activity: An experiment in response to Schnabel, Beblo and May
• Persson H, Kumlien E, Ericson M, and Tomson T (2005): Preoperative heart rate variability in relation to surgery outcome in refractory epilepsy
• Persson H, Kumlien E, Ericson M, and Tomson T (2006): No apparent effect of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy on heart rate variability
• Persson H, Ericson M, and Tomson T (2003): Carbamazepine affects autonomic cardiac control in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy
• Persson H, Ericson M, and Tomson T (2007): Heart rate variability in patients with untreated epilepsy
• Persson H, Kumlien E, Ericson M, and Tomson T (2007): Circadian variation in heart-rate variability in localization-related epilepsy
• Pezzella M, Striano P, Ciampa C, Errichiello L, Penza P, and Striano S (2009): Severe pulmonary congestion in a near miss at the first seizure: Further evidence for respiratory dysfunction in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Phizackerley PJ, Poole EW, and Whitty CW (1954): Sino-auricular heart block as an epileptic manifestation: A case report
• Pincus SM and Goldberger AL (1994): Physiological time-series analysis: what does regularity quantify?
• Poe GR, Kristensen MP, Rector DM, and Harper RM (1996): Hippocampal activity during transient respiratory events in the freely behaving cat
• Pool JL and Ransohoff J (1949): Autonomic effects on stimulating rostral portion of cingulate gyri in man
• Preston J (1997): Information on sudden deaths from epilepsy
• Pumprla J, Howorka K, Groves D, Chester M, and Nolan J (2002): Functional assessment of heart rate variability: physiological basis and practical applications

R

• Racoosin JA, Feeney J, Burkhart G, and Boehm G (2001): Mortality in antiepileptic drug development programs
• Radna RJ and MacLean PD (1981): Vagal elicitation of respiratory-type and other unit responses in striopallidum of squirrel monkeys
• Radna RJ and MacLean PD (1981): Vagal elicitation of respiratory-type and other unit responses in basal limbic structures of squirrel monkeys
• Rafiq A, Zhang YF, DeLorenzo RJ, and Coulter DA (1995): Long-duration self-sustained epileptiform activity in the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice: A model of status epilepticus
• Reeves AL, Nollet KE, Klass DW, Sharbrough FW, and So EL (1996): The ictal bradycardia syndrome
• Reis DJ and Oliphant MC (1964): Bradycardia and tachycardia following electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid region in monkey
• Reuter BM, Kurthen M, and Linke DB (1993): Does lateralized hemispheric control of cardiovascular activity exist? A Wada test study
• Robin ED, Carey LC, Grenvik A, Glauser F, and Gaudio R (1972): Capillary leak syndrome with pulmonary edema
• Rocamora R, Kurthen M, Lickfett L, Von Oertzen J, and Elger CE (2003): Cardiac asystole in epilepsy: Clinical and neurophysiologic features
• Ronkainen E, Ansakorpi H, Huikuri HV, Myllylä VV, Isojärvi JIT, and Korpelainen JT (2005): Suppressed circadian heart rate dynamics in temporal lobe epilepsy
• Rossetti AO, Dworetzky BA, Madsen JR, Golub O, Beckman JA, and Bromfield EB (2005): Ictal asystole with convulsive syncope mimicking secondary generalisation: A depth electrode study
• Rugg-Gunn FJ, Simister RJ, Squirrell M, Holdright DR, and Duncan JS (2004): Cardiac arrhythmias in focal epilepsy: A prospective long-term study
• Ruit KG and Neafsey EJ (1988): Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to electrical and chemical stimulation of the hippocampus in anesthetized and awake rats
• Ruit KG and Neafsey EJ (1990): Hippocampal input to a “visceral motor” corticobulbar pathway: An anatomical and electrophysiological study in the rat
• Russell A (1906): Cessation of the pulse during the onset of epileptic fits
• Ryvlin P and Montavont A (2008): Does epilepsy surgery really lower mortality?
• Ryvlin P, Tomson T, and Montavont A (2009): Excess mortality and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Ryvlin P, Nashef L, Lhatoo SD, Bateman LM (2013): Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): a retrospective study
• Ramachandrannair R, Jack SM, Strohm S.(2016) SUDEP: To discuss or not? Recommendations from bereaved relatives.
• Ramachandrannair R, Jack SM (2016) SUDEP: What do adult patients want to know?
• Ramachandrannair R, Jack SM, Meaney BF, Ronen GM (2013) SUDEP: what do parents want to know?
• Rheims S, Valton L, Véronique M et al. (2016) Efficacy of naloxone in reducing postictal central respiratory dysfunction in patients with epilepsy: study protocol for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
• Richerson G, Boison D, Faingold C et al. (2016) From unwitnessed fatality to witnessed rescue: Pharmacologic intervention in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

S

• Salanova V, Markand O, and Worth R (2002): Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery: Outcome, complications, and late mortality rate in 215 patients
• Saleh Y, Kirchner A, Pauli E, Hilz MJ, Neundörfer B, and Stefan H (2000): Temporal lobe epilepsy: effect of focus side on the autonomic regulation of heart rate?
• Salmo EN and Connolly CE (2002): Mortality in epilepsy in the west of Ireland: A 10-year review
• Sander J and Bell G (2004): Reducing mortality: An important aim of epilepsy management
• Saper CB, Loewy AD, Swanson LW, and Cowan WM (1976): Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections
• Särkioja T and Hirvonen J (1984): Causes of sudden unexpected deaths in young and middle-aged persons
• Sarkis RA, Thome-Souza S, Poh MZ, et al. (2015): Autonomic changes following generalized tonic clonic seizures: An analysis of adult and pediatric patients with epilepsy
• Satishchandra P, Chandra V, and Schoenberg BS (1988): Case-control study of associated conditions at the time of death in patients with epilepsy
• Saunders RC and Rosene DL (1988): A comparison of the efferents of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation in the rhesus monkey: I. Convergence in the entorhinal, prorhinal, and perirhinal cortices
• Saunders RC, Rosene DL, and Van Hoesen GW (1988): Comparison of the efferents of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation in the rhesus monkey: II. Reciprocal and non-reciprocal connections
• Schnabel R, Beblo M, and May TW (2000): Is geomagnetic activity a risk factor for sudden unexplained death in epilepsies?
• Schnabel R, Beblo M, May TW, and Burmester L (2002): Is sudden unexplained death in adult epileptic patients associated with geomagnetic disturbances at the day of death or the 4 days before?
• Schnabel R, May TW, Beblo M, and Gruhn LF (2003): Are geomagnetic disturbances a risk factor for the sudden unexplained death of epileptic children?
• Schraeder PL and Lathers CM (1983): Cardiac neural discharge and epileptogenic activity in the cat: An animal model for unexplained death
• Schraeder PL and Lathers CM (1989): Paroxysmal autonomic dysfunction, epileptogenic activity and sudden death
• Schraeder PL, Delin K, McClelland RL, and So EL (2006): Coroner and medical examiner documentation of sudden unexplained deaths in epilepsy
• Schraeder PL, Delin K, McClelland RL, and So EL (2009): A nationwide survey of the extent of autopsy in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
• Schuele SU, Bermeo AC, Alexopoulos AV, Locatelli ER, Burgess RC, Dinner DS, and Foldvary-Schaefer N (2007): Videoelectrographic and clinical features in patients with ictal asystole
• Schuele SU, Widdess-Walsh P, Bermeo A, and Lüders HO (2007): Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: The role of the heart
• Schuele SU, Bermeo AC, Locatelli E, Burgess RC, and Lüders HO (2008): Ictal asystole: A benign condition?
• Schuele SU, Bermeo AC, Alexopoulos AV, and Burgess RC (2009): Anoxia-ischemia: A mechanism of seizure termination in ictal asystole
• Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Segantini A, Austoni P, Bosi G, Giorgetti R, Grancini F, Marni ED, Perticone F, Rosti D et al. (1998): Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome
• Schwartz PJ and Crotti L (2007): Cardiac arrhythmias of genetic origin are important contributors to sudden infant death syndrome
• Schwartz PJ, Vanoli E, Crotti L, Spazzolini C, Ferrandi C, Goosen A, Hedley P, Heradien M, Bacchini S, Turco A et al. (2008): Neural control of heart rate is an arrhythmia risk modifier in long QT syndrome
• Schwender LA and Troncoso JC (1986): Evaluation of sudden death in epilepsy
• Scorza FA, de Albuquerque R, Arida RM, Schmidt B, de Almeida ACG, Scorza CA, and Cavalheiro EA (2009): Could sudden death syndrome (SDS) in chickens (Gallus gallus) be a valid animal model for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)?
• Scorza FA, Colugnati DB, Pansani AP, Sonoda EYF, Arida RM, and Cavalheiro EA (2008): Preventing tomorrow’s sudden cardiac death in epilepsy today: What should physicians know about this?
• Scorza FA, Cysneiros RM, Arida RM, Scorza CA, de Almeida ACG, Schmidt B, and Cavalheiro EA (2008): Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Reality or just an attractive history?
• Scorza FA, Cysneiros RM, Arida RM, Terra-Bustamante VC, de Albuquerque M, and Cavalheiro EA (2008): The other side of the coin: Beneficiary effect of omega-3 fatty acids in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Scorza FA, Albuquerque Md, Arida RM, Terra VC, Machado HR, and Cavalheiro EA (2009): Benefits of sunlight: Vitamin D deficiency might increase the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Scorza FA, Arida RM, Terra VC, and Cavalheiro EA (2009): An animal model for SUDEP: The questions shape the answers
• Scorza FA, Calderazzo L, de Albuquerque M, Arida RM, de Almeida ACG, and Cavalheiro EA (2009): Could sudden cardiac death in epilepsy be related to the occurrence of thalamic dysfunction or anatomic change?
• Scott CA and Fish DR (2000): Cardiac asystole in partial seizures
• Seow SC, Lee YP, Teo SG, Hong ECT, and Lee CH (2008): Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with status epilepticus
• Seyal M and Bateman LM (2009): Ictal apnea linked to contralateral spread of temporal lobe seizures: Intracranial EEG recordings in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy
• Seyal M, Bateman LM, Albertson TE, Lin TC, and Li CS (2010): Respiratory changes with seizures in localization-related epilepsy: Analysis of periictal hypercapnia and airflow patterns
• Shen HY, Li T, and Boison D (2009): A novel mouse model for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): Role of impaired adenosine clearance
• Silverman AJ, Hoffman DL, and Zimmerman EA (1981): The descending afferent connections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (pvn)
• Simon RP, Aminoff MJ, and Benowitz NL (1984): Changes in plasma catecholamines after tonic-clonic seizures
• Simon R (1997): Epileptic sudden death: Animal models
• Singh B, al Shahwan A, and al Deeb SM (1993): Partial seizures presenting as life-threatening apnea
• Smith PE, Howell SJ, Owen L, and Blumhardt LD (1989): Profiles of instant heart rate during partial seizures
• Smith-Demps C and Jagoda A (1998): A case of seizure-related bradycardia and asystole
• Smithson WH and Hanna NJ (2002): Deaths from epilepsy: What next?
• So E, Sam M, and Lagerlund T (2000): Postictal central apnea as a cause of SUDEP: Evidence from near-SUDEP incident
• So EL (2006): Demystifying sudden unexplained death in epilepsy – Are we close?
• So EL (2008): What is known about the mechanisms underlying SUDEP?
• So EL (2009): Symposium on the neurophysiology of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy
• So EL, Bainbridge J, Buchhalter JR, Donalty J, Donner EJ, Finucane A, Graves NM, Hirsch LJ, Montouris GD, Temkin NR et al. (2009): Report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Epilepsy Foundation joint task force on sudden unexplained death in epilepsy
• Sonoda EYF, Colugnati DB, Scorza CA, Arida RM, Pansani AP, de Almeida ACG, Cavalheiro EA, and Scorza FA (2008): Is cold the new hot in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy? Effect of low temperature on heart rate of rats with epilepsy
• Sperling MR, Feldman H, Kinman J, Liporace JD, and O’Connor MJ (1999): Seizure control and mortality in epilepsy
• Spina E, Kenneback G, Bergfeldt L, and Tomson T (1987): Prevalence of cardiac conduction disturbances during carbamazepine treatment: Preliminary data
• St-John WM, Rudkin AH, Homes GL, and Leiter JC (2006): Changes in respiratory-modulated neural activities, consistent with obstructive and central apnea, during fictive seizures in an in situ anaesthetized rat preparation
• Stavem K and Guldvog B (2005): Long-term survival after epilepsy surgery compared with matched epilepsy controls and the general population
• Stein PK and Kleiger RE (1999): Insights from the study of heart rate variability
• Stemper B, Devinsky O, Haendl T, Welsch G, and Hilz MJ (2008): Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular regulation in patients with epilepsy
• Stokes W (1846): Observations on some cases of permanently slow pulse
• Stöllberger C and Finsterer J (2004): Cardiorespiratory findings in sudden unexplained/unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)
• Stöllberger C and Finsterer J (2004): Brain or heart-that is the question
• Stramba-Badiale M, Lazzarotti M, and Schwartz PJ (1992): Development of cardiac innervation, ventricular fibrillation, and sudden infant death syndrome
• Stramba-Badiale M (2008): Epilepsy and the long QT syndrome: is there a link? – Commentary on Hindocha et al.
• Striano P and Zara F (2009): Epilepsy: A ‘going ape’ model for SUDEP?
• Strzelczyk A, Bauer S, Knake S, Oertel WH, Hamer HM, and Rosenow F (2008): Ictal asystole in temporal lobe epilepsy before and after pacemaker implantation
• Surges R, Henneberger C, Adjei P, Scott CA, Sander JW, and Walker MC (2009): Do alterations in inter-ictal heart rate variability predict sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?
• Surges R, Thijs RD, Tan HL, Sander JW, and Medscape (2009): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Risk factors and potential pathomechanisms
• Surges R, Adjei P, Kallis C, Erhuero J, Scott CA, Bell GS, Sander JW, and Walker MC (2010): Pathologic cardiac repolarization in pharmacoresistant epilepsy and its potential role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a case-control study
• Surges R1, Strzelczyk A, Scott CA, Walker MC, Sander JW. Postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression is associated with generalized seizures
• Swartz CM, Abrams R, Lane RD, DuBois MA, and Srinivasaraghavan J (1994): Heart rate differences between right and left unilateral electroconvulsive therapy
• Szabó CA, Knape KD, Leland MM, Feldman J, McCoy KJM, Hubbard GB, and Williams JT (2009): Mortality in captive baboons with seizures: A new model for SUDEP?

T

• Taha AY, Ciobanu FA, Saxena A, and McIntyre Burnham W (2009): Assessing the link between omega-3 fatty acids, cardiac arrest, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
• Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996): Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use
• Tavee J and Morris r H (2008): Severe postictal laryngospasm as a potential mechanism for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A near-miss in an EMU
• Tavernor SJ, Brown SW, Tavernor RM, and Gifford C (1996): Electrocardiograph QT lengthening associated with epileptiform EEG discharges – A role in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy?
• Teh HS, Tan HJ, Loo CY, and Raymond AA (2007): Short QTc in epilepsy patients without cardiac symptoms
• Téllez-Zenteno JF, Ronquillo LH, and Wiebe S (2005): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Evidence-based analysis of incidence and risk factors
• Tennis P, Cole TB, Annegers JF, Leestma JE, McNutt M, and Rajput A (1995): Cohort study of incidence of sudden unexplained death in persons with seizure disorder treated with antiepileptic drugs in Saskatchewan, Canada
• Terra-Bustamante VC, Scorza CA, de Albuquerque M, Sakamoto AC, Machado HR, Arida RM, Cavalheiro EA, and Scorza FA (2009): Does the lunar phase have an effect on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?
• Terrence CF, Rao GR, and Perper JA (1981): Neurogenic pulmonary edema in unexpected, unexplained death of epileptic patients
• Terrence J CF, Wisotzkey HM, and Perper JA (1975): Unexpected, unexplained death in epileptic patients
• Tezer FI, Rémi J, and Noachtar S (2009): Ictal apnea of epileptic origin
• Theodore J and Robin ED (1975): Pathogenesis of neurogenic pulmonary oedema
• Theodore J and Robin ED (1976): Speculations on neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE)
• Thom M, Griffin B, Sander JW, and Scaravilli F (1999): Amygdala sclerosis in sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy
• Thom M, Seetah S, Sisodiya S, Koepp M, and Scaravilli F (2003): Sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): evidence of acute neuronal injury using HSP-70 and c-Jun immunohistochemistry
• Tigaran S, Dalager-Pedersen S, Baandrup U, Dam M, and Vesterby A (2005): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: is death by seizures a cardiac disease?
• Timmings PL (1993): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A local audit
• Timmings PL (1998): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Is carbamazepine implicated?
• Tinuper P, Bisulli F, Cerullo A, Carcangiu R, Marini C, Pierangeli G, and Cortelli P (2001): Ictal bradycardia in partial epileptic seizures: Autonomic investigation in three cases and literature review
• Tomson T, Ericson M, Ihrman C, and Lindblad LE (1998): Heart rate variability in patients with epilepsy
• Tomson T, Sköld AC, Holmgen P, Nilsson L, and Danielsson B (1998): Postmortem changes in blood concentrations of phenytoin and carbamazepine: An experimental study
• Tomson T (2008): Genetic screening for SUDEP? – Commentary on Hindocha et al.
• Tomson T and Forsgren L (2005); Life expectancy in epilepsy
• Tomson T, Walczak T, Sillanpaa M, and Sander JWAS (2005): Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a review of incidence and risk factors
• Tomson T, Nashef L, and Ryvlin P (2008); Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Current knowledge and future directions
• Tomson T, Nashef L, and Ryvlin P (2009): Cardiopulmonary surveillance to prevent SUDEP – Authors’ reply
• Tupal S and Faingold CL (2006): Evidence supporting a role of serotonin in modulation of sudden death induced by seizures in DBA/2 mice

U

• Ulrich J and Maxeiner H (2003): Tongue bite injuries – A diagnostic criterium for death in epileptic seizure?

V

• van Andel J, Thijs RD, de Weerd Am, et al. (2016): Non-EEG based ambulatory seizure detection designed for home use: What is available and how will it influence epilepsy care?
• Van Buren JM (1958): Some autonomic concomitants of ictal automatism; A study of temporal lobe attack
• Van Buren JM (1961): Sensory, motor and autonomic effects of mesial temporal stimulation in man
• Van Buren JM and Ajmone-Marsan C (1960): A correlation of autonomic and EEG components in temporal lobe epilepsy
• van Rijckevorsel K, Saussu F, and de Barsy T (1995); Bradycardia, an epileptic ictal manifestation
• van Landingham KE and Dixon RM (2007): Lamotrigine in idiopathic epilepsy – Increased risk of cardiac death
• Velez M, Fisher RS, Bartlett V, Le S (2016): Tracking generalized tonic-clonic seizures with a wrist accelerometer linked to an online database
• Venit EL, Shepard BD, and Seyfried TN (2004): Oxygenation prevents sudden death in seizure-prone mice
• Venkataraman V, Wheless JW, Willmore LJ, and Motookal H (2001): Idiopathic cardiac asystole presenting as an intractable adult onset partial seizure disorder
• Vibert JF, Caille D, Bertrand F, Gromysz H, and Hugelin A (1979): Ascending projection from the respiratory centre to mesencephalon and diencephalon
• Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Rausch R, Engel J J, Visscher BR, Ary CM, Rogers WH, and Brook RH (1995): Outcomes in 248 patients who had diagnostic evaluations for epilepsy surgery
• Vlooswijk MCG, Majoie HJM, De Krom MCTFM, Tan IY, and Aldenkamp AP (2007): SUDEP in the Netherlands: A retrospective study in a tertiary referral center

W

• Walczak TS, Leppik IE, D’Amelio M, Rarick J, So E, Ahman P, Ruggles K, Cascino GD, Annegers JF, and Hauser WA (2001): Incidence and risk factors in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A prospective cohort study
• Walczak T (2003): Do antiepileptic drugs play a role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?
• Waldbaum S, Hadziefendic S, Erokwu B, Zaidi SI, and Haxhiu MA (2001): CNS innervation of posterior cricoarytenoid muscles: A transneuronal labeling study
• Weber P, Bubl R, Blauenstein U, Tillmann BU, and Lütschg J (2005): Sudden unexplained death in children with epilepsy: A cohort study with an eighteen-year follow-up
• Wilder-Smith E (1992): Complete atrio-ventricular conduction block during complex partial seizure
• Wilder-Smith E and Lim SH (2001): Heart rate changes during partial seizures: a study amongst Singaporean patients
• Williams J, Lawthom C, Dunstan FD, Dawson TP, Kerr MP, Wilson JF, and Smith PEM (2006): Variability of antiepileptic medication taking behaviour in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: Hair analysis at autopsy
• Witzenbichler B, Schulze-Bahr E, Haverkamp W, Breithardt G, Sticherling C, Behrens S, and Schultheiss HP (2003): 18-year old patient with anti-epileptic therapy and sudden cardiac death

Y

• Yang TF, Wong TT, Chang KP, Kwan SY, Kuo WY, Lee YC, and Kuo TB (2001): Power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability in children with epilepsy
• Yoon BW, Morillo CA, Cechetto DF, and Hachinski V (1997): Cerebral hemispheric lateralization in cardiac autonomic control

Z

• Zagon A, Totterdell S, and Jones RS (1994): Direct projections from the ventrolateral medulla oblongata to the limbic forebrain: Anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing studies in the rat
• Zamrini EY, Meador KJ, Loring DW, Nichols FT, Lee GP, Figueroa RE, and Thompson WO (1990): Unilateral cerebral inactivation produces differential left/right heart rate responses
• Zhang JX, Harper RM, and Frysinger RC (1986): Respiratory modulation of neuronal discharge in the central nucleus of the amygdala during sleep and waking states
• Zhang YF and Coulter DA (1996): Anticonvulsant drug effects on spontaneous thalamocortical rhythms in vitro: Phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital
• Zijlmans M, Flanagan D, and Gotman J (2002): Heart rate changes and ECG abnormalities during epileptic seizures: Prevalence and definition of an objective clinical sign
• Zubair S, Arshad AB, Saeed B, Luqman S, and Oommen KJ (2009): Ictal asystole – Late manifestation of partial epilepsy and importance of cardiac pacemaker